Influence of NaCl deposition on Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel

Atmospheric corrosion can be defined as the corrosion of materials exposed to air and its pollutants rather than immersed in a liquid. Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of NaCl was investigated. The result shows that Sodium Chloride (NaCl) can accelerate the corrosion of carbon steel. Dry mass gain of carbon steel in the presence of NaCl increases with exposure of time, which can be correlated by using experimental decay function. The relation of dry mass gain and amount of NaCl deposition at certain time follows a quadratic function. More amount of NaCl deposition would slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time. The experiment was conducted to measure the corrosion rate of the metal which was exposed to the environment of different concentration (%) of NaCl. The exposure time was set to four weeks for each concentration and the data was analyzed. The data was gathered in a table and graph was plotted to show the relationship of the NaCl deposition on the sample. From the analysis, the results show that the NaCl deposition increased with the increasing of exposure time. This is because of the electrochemical process that takes places on the surface of the carbon steel

Effect of magnesium addition on the microstructure and properties of ductile Ni-resist alloy using in-mould magnesium treatment method

For engineering reasons, ductile Ni-resist alloys are widely used in oil and gas, automotive industries and elevated temperature purposes. Ductile Ni-resist offers an advantage because this alloy has an austenitic structure at all temperatures. However, ductile Ni-resist alloy faces economical limitation due to the high price of nickel for alloying of ductile Ni-resist. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the possibility to reduce nickel consumption by substituting nickel with manganese to generate austenitic structure of ductile Ni-resist. Austenitic structure was formed by adding a nickel with much higher manganese percentage consumption as compared to standard usage. The control of carbide formation due to increasing Mnlwt. % was conducted using inoculation method. The effect on solidification was evaluated using cooling curve thermal analysis, complemented by microscopic observation and mechanical properties. It was observed that both Mn/wt. % and inoculation affect the austenitic structure and solidification cooling curve. Solidification cooling curve was lowered with increasing Mn/wt. %.It was also observed that graphite microstructure can be modified by both Mn/wt. % and inoculation. The morphology and graphite distribution was affected by increasing Mri/wt. % and inoculation. An isolated region due to segregation known as 'Last To Freeze' was the last area to solidify. Tensile strength and elongation at room temperature dropped by 21.5% (12Mn-lONi wt %) and 20.0% respectively as compared to D2 standard alloys. Tensile strength at elevated temperature showed that this alloy can withstand up to 150 MPa, dropped by 6.15% (12Mn-lONi wt. %) compared to D2 standard alloy. Corrosion test proved that corrosion rate is comparable to unmodified ductile Ni-resist. Three dense oxide layers were formed on the alloy surface at elevated temperature. A good agreement was observed between the result of the solidification cooling curve, microstructure and mechanical properties

Pemasaran politik di Negeri Perlis: Kajian terhadap isu-isu, calon dan strategi berkempen menjelang pilihan raya umum Malaysia ke-13

Political marketing is becoming increasingly important in Malaysia and widely used around the world to ensure campaign effectiveness. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of political marketing in 13th Malaysia General Election in Perlis. Specifically, this study focused on the issues, candidates and campaign strategy. This study aimed to identify the factors that can influence voting patterns during the electoral campaign and polling day. Out of the fifteen (15) State Legislative Assembly (DUN), six (6) areas were selected as a study location ranging from the white, gray and black areas. The phenomenological study was applied to collect data followed by interviews with voters and candidates. This study documented the elements of political marketing has been used throughout the campaign period in the last general election to 13 in Perli

DEVELOPMENT OF VIDEO CONFERENCE USING JMF

Video Conferencing is well-planned to offer high quality ofreal time video and audio transmission. Video Conferencing has added extra flavors to students and lecturers interaction inUTP by having stable communication channel via real time video. Live feed from the media file and captured video can bebroadcasted through the thousand ofuniversity's population innetwork by concentrating in reserving the quality ofthe video while at the same time reducing the cost of bandwidth. It's always great compromise in maintaining the quality ofvideo with the cost bandwidth. Here it goes the need of good compression technique as compression will cause the data to lose some of the information and degrade the quality. The tolerable degradation is always at the author's spotlight. The student has undergone 3 significant phases of system development which are Analysis, Design, and Coding. The critical function ofJava Video Conferencing has been successfully implemented. Open the media file, capture the real time video, transmit the file, transmit the real time captured video, open the file in another computer, broadcast to the network attached computers and view the real time broadcasted video in the network attached computers. Communicating in text mode is an added feature in the Video Conferencing. This Video Conferencing has a room for improvement in achieving the best interaction mode in Information Communication Award. Video Conferencing is seen to have a bright future in realizing the need of Virtual Learning in UTP

Branched alcohols from renewable resources for reducing the MMP of C02-crude oil systems

Miscible displacement by carbon dioxide (C02) is a method to increase oil recovery. This technique is a very economical method in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), especially in C02-crude oil reservoir. It maintain reservoir pressure and also reduce oil viscosity. One of the most important parameters that should be known to utilise C02 miscible displacement is minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). MMP is the pressure at which C02 will achieve miscibility with the oil. Alcohol is well known as a co-surfactant in reducing interfacial tension (IFT) which is a direct parameter in reducing MMP. There are intensive researches on branched alcohol surfactants such as branched alcohol propoxylate sulphate. Branch alcohol may also reduce IFT better compare to straight chain alcohol surfactants. Yet, alcohol can only be used as the main IFT reducing agent if it can be produced cheaply. This paper focuses on synthesis of branched alcohol from Jatropha oil. However, due to the unavailability of reactant needed, final step of synthesizing branched alcohol cannot be done. But, the research is still continued with alkoxyl FAME since it shows potential for use as additives to reduce MMP due to alcohol branch attached. For the first step of synthesizing, transesterification of jatropha oil, 87% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was achieved. Next step of epoxidation FAME and alcohol addition to the epoxide FAME is done and expected to have 83.5% (Campanella, et al. 2008) and 100% (Smith. et al. 2009) conversion respectively. The effect of products on C02- crude oil MMP is then determined using Vanishing Interfacial Technique (VIT). The result shows MMP reduced to 1990 psia from 2240 psia when alkoxyl FAME Jatropha is mixed with Dulang crude oil at 60°C. Alkoxyl FAME Jatropha shows greater effect in reducing MMP compare to alkoxyl FAME Palm, 11.6% reduction compare to 4.46% reduction. Alkoxyl FAME Jatropha also shows better result compare to 2-methyl butan-2-ol in reducing MMP, 11.6% and 5.8% reduction respectively. This happened because alkoxyl FAME Jatropha mainly consists of highly branched alcohol FAME structures (65.86%) which result to higher polarity. This higher polarity affects the COz capacity to form interaction with the crude oil, thus lower the MMP. Meanwhile for alkoxyl FAME Palm, it mainly consists of FAME structures without alcohol branched (52.69%). And eventhough FAME structures with alcohol branched (47.31%) are present, it only mainly made up of single alcohol branched FAME. This make alkoxyl FAME Palm less in polarity. Therefore, the ability of alkoxyl FAME Palm to reduce MMP is lower than alkoxyl FAME Jatropha. For 2-methyl butan-2-ol, lower polarity compare to alkoxyl FAME Jatropha is resulted from lesser branched alcohol. As conclusion, alkoxyl FAME synthesized from Jatropha oil have the ability in reducing MMP for C02 - crude oil systems, and gives better result compare to alkoxyl FAME from Palm oil and 2- methyl butan-2-ol

Influence of NaCl deposition on Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel

Atmospheric corrosion can be defined as the corrosion of materials exposed to air and its pollutants rather than immersed in a liquid. Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of NaCl was investigated. The result shows that Sodium Chloride (NaCl) can accelerate the corrosion of carbon steel. Dry mass gain of carbon steel in the presence of NaCl increases with exposure of time, which can be correlated by using experimental decay function. The relation of dry mass gain and amount of NaCl deposition at certain time follows a quadratic function. More amount of NaCl deposition would slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time. The experiment was conducted to measure the corrosion rate of the metal which was exposed to the environment of different concentration (%) of NaCl. The exposure time was set to four weeks for each concentration and the data was analyzed. The data was gathered in a table and graph was plotted to show the relationship of the NaCl deposition on the sample. From the analysis, the results show that the NaCl deposition increased with the increasing of exposure time. This is because of the electrochemical process that takes places on the surface of the carbon steel

Influence of Environmental Stress toward Carotenogenesis Regulatory Mechanism through In Vitro Model System

Carotenoid biosynthesis is influenced by some aspects and is liable to geometric isomerisation with the existence of oxygen, light, and heat, which affect color degradation and oxidation. The major problems related to carotenoid accumulation inherently originate from pigment instability. This chapter discusses an overview on the influence of stringent control of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors toward carotenoid biogenesis in potato minitubers through the potential model system for rapid initiation, extraction, and analysis of carotenoids. The outcome of this experimental system is a discovery of variables regulating carotenoid accumulation as a result of the environmental change assessment through manipulation of drought stress, light intensity, and nutrient strength on carotenoid accumulation

Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide doped SU-8 polymer waveguide

In this paper, graphene oxide (GO) was doped into SU-8 polymer to examine the functionalities of polymer waveguide material via dopant inclusion. In material preparation, step by step processes starting from cyclopentanone mixing will be explained. It is shown that doped material's refractive index can be tailored by having different weight percentage of GO. Finally, a single mode ridge waveguide loss of GO doped SU-8 has been characterized to be 1.9 dB/cm at 1550 nm wavelength

Modeling Mobile Payment Proces Flow for Buying E-Book

Mobile payment (M-Payment) is a payment method that is carried out via mobile devices such as PDA, tablet PC or mobile phone. The M-Payment method is widely employed for buying ring tones, games and stock alerts or news, however the use of M-Payment method for buying electronic books (e-Books) is not yet available. This project aims to study the suitability of adopting M-Payment method for buying e-Books, with emphasis on the mobile phone as the wireless device, due to the popularity of mobile phone usage among students and the affordable price of owning a mobile phone compared to PDA or tablet PC. A diagrammatic process flow model that includes all the major entities which are Buyers, Telco and Merchant was developed. The process flow model will served as a pictorial representation of the processes involved and also as a guidance in implementing the M-Payment system in buying e-Books. The capabilities of mobile phone to browse internet through WAP site has open up a new marketing channel where e-Books providers can now market their products via WAP site. Therefore the project has identified the features of e-Books WAP site based on the proposed process flow and the eInfoC web site as case study. Finally two prototypes which are WAP prototype and web prototype were developed to demonstrate the proposed process flow

Slope Failure Analysis Using Chromaticity Variables

Slope failure has become a major concern in Malaysia due to the rapid development and urbanisation in the country. It poses severe threats to any highway construction industry, residential areas, natural resources, as well as tourism activities. Thus, this study aims to characterise the relationship between chromaticity variables to be manipulated as indicators to forecast slope failure. The concentration of each soil property in slope soil was evaluated from two different localities that consist of 120 soil samples from stable and unstable slopes located along North South Highway and East West Highway. Indicators that could be used to predict shallow slope failure were high value of variable L*(62), low values of variables c* (20) and h* (66). Furthermore, the hues that indicate stable slope based on Munsell Soil Colour Chart are between 2.5YR and 5YR while the hues that indicate unstable slope are between 5YR and 10YR. The overall analysis leads to the conclusion that the reactions and distinctive changes of chromaticity variables between stable and unstable slopes were emphasised as results of significant differences between soil properties, the locations, slope stability and combinations of all interactions