Evaluating IoT based passive water catchment monitoring system data acquisition and analysis

Water quality is the main aspect to determine the quality of aquatic systems. Poor water quality will pose a health risk for people and ecosystems. The old methods such as collecting samples of water manually and testing and analysing at lab will cause the time consuming, wastage of man power and not economical. A system is needed to provide a real-time data for environmental protection and tracking pollution sources. This paper aims to describe on how to monitor water quality continuously through IoT platform. Water Quality Catchment Monitoring System was introduced to check and monitor water quality continuously. It’s features five sensors which are temperature sensor, light intensity sensor, pH sensor, GPS tracker and Inertia Movement Unit (IMU). IMU is a new feature in the system where the direction of x and y is determined for planning and find out where a water quality problem exists by determining the flow of water. The system uses an internet wireless connection using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield Module as a connection between Arduino Mega2560 and laptop. ThingSpeak application acts as an IoT platform used for real-time data monitorin

Mathematical analysis of AG-TIO2/blood hybrid nanofluid with inclusion of viscous dissipation over a permeable surface

The remarkable efficiency of hybrid nanofluids in heat transfer has made them a prominent research topic. This study investigates the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of AgTiO2/blood hybrid nanofluid while taking viscous dissipation into account. The governing partial differential equations of the hybrid nanofluid are transformed into ordinary differential equations using the requisite similarity transformations. The bvp4c function is then used in Matlab to generate numerical and graphical output. The accurate initial guessing values are then used to calculate the dual solutions. The existence of viscous dissipation considerably reduces the rate of heat transfer in this model. The effects of nanoparticle concentration have also been studied. The thickness of the boundary layer diminishes as the suction parameter rises, whereas different patterns of results are obtained as the concentration of argentum and titania nanoparticles changes

Magnetohydrodynamics flow of Ag-TiO2 hybrid nanofluid over a permeable wedge with thermal radiation and viscous dissipation

Hybrid nanofluids, which are made by suspending non-identical nanoparticles, have been a prominent research area because of their high efficiency in heat transfer. The analysis of the magnetohydrodynamics flow of Ag-TiO2 hybrid nanofluid over a permeable wedge with heat radiation and viscous dissipation is mathematically examined in this paper. Ordinary differential equations are deduced by applying the corresponding similarity transformations to the mathematical modelling of the governing partial differential equations. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using the built-in bvp4c function in the MATLAB package to compute the dual solutions and the stability analysis. A respectable degree of agreement has been obtained after comparing the current results with the earlier study. Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, Eckert number, and other governing factors have all been studied, along with their physical impacts on fluid flow. The graphical results have been demonstrated and described in relation to the profiles of temperature and velocity distribution, skin friction as well as the Nusselt number. It has been established that the higher volume percentage of titania nanoparticles has the potential to improve thermal conductivity, and the first solution has been found to be stable in this flow

Influence of viscous dissipation on the boundary layer flow of Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid

This study presents the mathematical modelling of two dimensional boundary layer flow of hybrid nanofluid where the impact of viscous dissipation has been accentuated in the energy equation. The copper and aluminium oxide nanoparticles are considered in this study. The surface of the model is stretched and shrunk at certain values of stretching/shrinking parameter. The partial differential equations of the hybrid nanofluid are reduced to the ordinary differential equations with the utilization of the suitable similarity transformations. Then Matlab software is utilized to produce the numerical and graphical results by implementing the bvp4c function. Subsequently, dual solutions are obtained with the correct guess values. The insertion of viscous dissipation in this model tremendously lessens the rate of heat transfer. Besides, the effects of the suction and nanoparticles concentration also have been highlighted. An increment in the suction parameter and concentration of copper enhance the magnitude of the reduced skin friction coefficient while the augmentation of the aluminium oxide nanoparticles shows a different trend

Design and analysis of circular shaped patch antenna with slot for UHF RFID reader

This paper presents an analysis of microstrip circular shaped antenna with slot for ultra-high frequency (UHF) portable radio frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. The fabricated antenna is designed to work with UHF RFID system in Malaysia with frequency allocated from 919 to 923 MHz. The antenna design was made with circular patch and rectangular slot that has the dimension of 122 mm × 122 mm. Moreover, the FR-4 material used in this project has thickness of 1.6 mm with dielectric constant of 4.7 and loss tangent of 0.019. Thus, it is easily connected to the portable RFID reader module together with the antenna characteristics of easy fabrication, low profile and simple structure. From the results, the antenna has the reflection coefficient (S11) less than −10 dB along the bandwidth of 3.6% (903–936 MHz) for operating frequency at 921 MHz

U-slot microstrip patch array antenna for UHF RFID reader

This paper aims to design and analyze a microstrip patch array antenna for the application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Array antennas are widely used in the RFID applications as it offers high gain and directivity to allow long distance read range. The microstrip patch is arranged in 2 × 2 array and is printed on FR-4 materials. In compliance with the Malaysian RFID regulated range of frequency of 919 to 923 MHz, the antenna is designed to meet its specifications. The operating frequency of the microstrip patch antenna array is 921 MHz. The FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.7 and height of 0.16 cm. Theoretical studies and calculations on this topic have been done in order to design the microstrip patch antenna array with the correct dimensions. By using the CST Microwave Studio 2014 as the primary software to model and simulate the results, there are a few parameters that are going to be analyze which includes reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Ratio (VSWR), gain, directivity, radiation pattern and bandwidth

An ultra high frequency 921 mhz array antenna for rfid reader

Radio frequency identification (RFID) : agriculture goods,electronic devices, manifold volumes of industrial productsfor position recording, distribution reports and location facilitation An ultra-high frequency, UHF (300 MHz - 3GHz) frequency band RFID reader antenna has proven to be better compared to low frequency, LF (30 KHz – 300 kHz) and high frequency, HF (3 MHz – 300 MHz) frequency bands as it offers excellent read range and reading rate This project aims to develop an efficient high-gain patch antenna array to comply with the Malaysian Standard Frequency set for UHF RFID ranging from 921 MHz to 923 MHz

Estimating the un-sampled ph value via neighbouring points using multi-layer neural network - genetic algorithm

This study shows a new method to estimate unsampled pH value by utilizing neighboring pH, which according to recent literature, has not been done yet. In investigating this method, three algorithms are used: Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (MLNN-GA), MLNN with backpropagation (MLNN-BP), and averaging method. MLNNGA and MLNN-BP are inputted with four pH values from distant adjacent locations on a similar basin. MLNN-GA and MLNN-BP utilize GA and backpropagation respectively to update the weight. GA optimizer is used in MLNN-GA where the result of each learning weight will be the initial weight of the next learning process. All three methods are compared based on RMSE, MSE and MAPE. MLNN-GA yielded the lowest average RMSE =0.026265, average MSE =0.000886 and average MAPE =0.003985 compared to MLNN-BP (average RMSE =0.042644, average MSE =0.002648, average MAPE =0.006862) and averaging method (average RMSE =0.136629, average MSE = 0.026128, average MAPE =0.150400). Noticeably, estimating unsampled pH value utilizing neighboring pH by using MLNNGA shows a better performance than MLNN-BP and averaging method

Recent advances and open challenges in RFID antenna applications

Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been gaining significance with the progression of wireless communication systems and equipment having a wide variety of applications. This technology has been promoted as a low-cost, low-energy method of operation. A huge number of papers demonstrate the possibility of foreign materials or specific objects being tracked and monitored in food packaging, healthcare, agriculture, and environmental conditions. Maximum work focuses on area coverage, and significant information has been gathered to exhibit possibilities, but some open challenges and limitations have also been manifested in the previous research. Thus, further information is needed for a profound understanding of the RFID antenna method to make them dependable and applicable. From a system point of view, the challenges and state-of-the-art techniques of the UHF RFID antenna are comprehensively summarized and clearly highlighted in terms of sensing and communication. Oncoming aptitudes with recommended challenges to mitigate current limitations of RFID antenna design are also discussed