Face Recognition System Based on Kernel Discriminant Analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine

Although many methods have been implemented in the past, face recognition is still an active field of research especially after the current increased interest in security. In this paper, a face recognition system using Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with K-nearest neighbor (KNN) methods is presented. The kernel discriminates analysis is applied for extracting features from input images. Furthermore, SVM and KNN are employed to classify the face image based on the extracted features. This procedure is applied on each of Yale and ORL databases to evaluate the performance of the suggested system. The experimental results show that the system has a high recognition rate with accuracy up to 95.25% on the Yale database and 96% on the ORL, which are considered very good results comparing with other reported face recognition systems

The Kinetics of E.Coli O157:H7 from Feces to Soil and Ground Water, on a Dairy Farm Reared under Field Conditions in Baghdad Province and Its Relation to Public Health

The aims of this study were to investigate the kinetics of E.coli O157:H7 from faces and its migration through soil into well- water, and the ability of E.coli OI57:H7 to persist on/in soil in Iraqi dairy farms reared under entirely different environmental conditions. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal, soil surface (Z1, Z5, and Z10) and depth (D0, D5 and D10) and well-water samples from January through May 2012 were determined. Colonies isolated from fecal, soil, and water samples with morphological characteristic of E.coli O157: H7 on CT-SMAC, CHROMagar, were further confirmed as E.coli O157: H7 by biochemical reaction, and subjected to agglutination reaction to identifying the O157 somatic and H7 flagellar antigens. Of 32 fecal samples collected over 4 weeks sampling period, 24 (75%) were positive for E.coli O157:H7. Of 63 soil samples collected during the period of the study 43 (68%) were positive for E.coli O157:H7 in all directions of the farm. The prevalence of E.coli O157:H7 contamination transferred to the interior of soil decreased with increased depths, this correlation is highly significant. A total of 45 well-water samples were collected during April and May, 23 (51%) were found to be E. coli O157:H7 positive. The highest prevalence was in April (63%) compared to May (33%). A total of 140 samples (fecal, soil, and water) were collected in this study, 90 (64%) were found to be E.coli O157:H7 positive. Fecal samples had higher prevalence (75%) than soil and water (68% and 51%) respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that E. coli O157:H7 can persist for extended periods of time in the faeces, soil, and well-water in the dairy farm reared under natural conditions. This is important because it suggests that these may contribute to the dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 on food products intended for human consumption. Keywords: E.coli O157:H7, dairy farm, kinetics, environmental pollution, public healt

Exploiting Wavelet Transform, Principal Component Analysis, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbors for Partial Face Recognition

Facial analysis has evolved to be a process of considerable importance due to its consequence on the safety and security, either individually or generally on the society level, especially in personal identification. The paper in hand applies facial identification on a facial image dataset by examining partial facial images before allocating a set of distinctive characteristics to them. Extracting the desired features from the input image is achieved by means of wavelet transform. Principal component analysis is used for feature selection, which specifies several aspects in the input image; these features are fed to two stages of classification using a support vector machine and K-nearest neighborhood to classify the face. The images used to test the strength of the suggested method are taken from the well-known (Yale) database. Test results showed the eligibility of the system when it comes to identify images and assign the correct face and name

Innovative design for ferrofluids based parabolic trough solar collector

The demand for modern energy services is increasing rapidly. Solar energy has the potential to meet a significant share of the world’s energy request. Solar energy is one of the cleanest renewable forms with little or no effect on the environment. The concentrating solar power is one of the methods to harvest sun’s energy. Concentrating solar power has the advantage of easier energy storage compared to photovoltaic systems. However, the cost of energy generated by those systems is higher than conventional energy sources. It is necessary to improve the performance of concentrating solar power to make them cost competitive. Moreover, few countries such as Saudi Arabia are moving from energy based on fossil fuel to renewable energy, therefore, improving the performance of concentrating solar systems and reducing their cost is considered to emulate photovoltaic systems. This research aims to develop an innovative design of parabolic trough solar collector that uses magnetic nanofluids as a heat transfer fluid to enhance the thermal efficiency compared to conventional parabolic trough. Based on past researches, new parabolic trough design is then proposed and investigated. Ferromagnetic nanoparticles dispersed in common heat transfer fluids (ferrofluids) exhibit better thermos-physical properties compared to the base fluids. By applying the right magnetic intensity and magnetic field direction, the thermal conductivity of the fluid increased higher than typical nanofluids. Moreover, the ferrofluids exhibit excellent optical properties. The external magnetic source is installed to alter the thermo-physical properties of the fluid. This thesis is comprised of four studies including two experimental studies, one heat transfer analysis, and one economic and environmental study. A small scale parabolic trough collector was manufactured and assembled at the laboratory based on the British Standards. A steady-state method was used to measure the performance of the parabolic trough collector in corresponding studies. The performance of the ferrofluids as a heat transfer fluid was compared to the base fluid. The two experimental studies differ in the absorber used. The two absorbers used were a conventional non-direct absorber and a direct absorber without a selective surface that allows ferrofluids to absorb the incoming solar irradiation directly. The effects of nanoparticle concentration, anti-foaming, external magnetic field intensity were investigated. The volume fraction of nanoparticles was 0.05%, 0.25%, and 0.75%. Three different magnetic field intensities were investigated, 3.14 mT, 6.28 mT, and 10.47 mT. Using ferrofluids to enhance the heat transfer performance the efficiency of the ferrofluids solar collector was compared to the based fluid (water). The results show that the parabolic trough solar collector in the experiment has similar performance of flat-plate solar collectors. The efficiency of the collector improved when ferrofluids water used compared to water. Ferrofluids with low concentration improved the performance of the solar collector. The ferrofluids showed much better performance at higher reduced temperature with lower overall heat loss coefficient. Due to the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fluid, increasing the volume fraction of particles will suppress the enhancement. The pH of ferrofluids influences the behaviour of the fluid. pH values higher than 5 showed a Newtonian behaviour of the fluid. In the presence of magnetic field, the performance of the solar collector enhanced further. By increasing the magnetic field intensity, the absorbed energy parameter increased, and at higher magnetic field intensity, the rate of enhancement decreases due to the magnetic saturation of ferrofluids. In this study, the performance of non-direct absorption receiver was better than the direct absorption receiver. However, the performance of the collector with a direct absorption receiver and using ferrofluids in the presence of the external magnetic field in some cases was higher than the performance of non-direct receiver with water as heat transfer medium. The performance of ferrofluids based parabolic trough collector was theoretically investigated. The correlation, equations, and specifications used in the model were discussed in detail. The model was used to study two different parabolic trough designs. First, the parabolic trough was validated with the experimental results of AZTRAK platform. The results of the model show a good agreement with the experimental data. Thereafter, nanoparticles were added to the heat transfer fluid, and the performance of the collector with and without the presence of external magnetic field was determined. The performance of the collector did not change a lot unless the external magnetic field was present. Moreover, the effect of the glass envelope on the performance was observed. A glass cover with vacuum in the annulus has higher performance and less thermal loss. Second, the model was used to study the performance of the test rig ferrofluids based parabolic trough. The performance of the parabolic trough was first considered as concentrating collector and then as a non-concentrating collector. With the lack of an external magnetic field, the efficiency changed slightly, wherein the presence of the external magnetic field the performances of the collector enhanced and showed higher performances. In General, the presence of the magnetic field showed promising enhancement. Economic and environmental effects of using ferrofluids based solar collector compared to a flat-plate collector for household water heating systems. Results show that the ferrofluids based parabolic trough has lower payback period and higher economic saving at its useful life end than a flat-plate solar collector. The ferrofluids based collector has higher embodied energy and pollution offsets tan flat-plate collector. Moreover, if 50% insertion of ferrofluids based parabolic trough for domestic hot water could be achieved in Tabuk over 83,750 metric Ton of CO2 could be eliminated

Low energy consumption in manet network

The aim of this paper is design and develop energy efficient MANET network in wireless networks. One of the most significant and effective protocol based on low energy consumption and number of Ad-hoc is MANET as remote directing convention source nodes forward in network simulator. Less number of nodes in the network would give low energy usage or consumption as the nodes in the network exceeds or increases that will also increase the energy consumption in the network. The designed MANET system is tried with 9, 12, 15 and 18 number of nodes in a system using network simulation-2 (NS-2). Henceforth source node needs to restart over and over which brings about low energy consumption use and use, ectiveness is less and packet space is additionally less and throughput is likewise less and more start to finish delay. Arrangement of this issue in MANET convention which is advanced as the node doesn't advance when demand arrived at their first it checked there is low energy consumption (battery lifetime) and until the node energy consumption is more noteworthy than the limit. Designed MANET examinations of the energy consumption and node energy consumption by maintaining a strategic distance from the low number of nodes in a network. By contrasting energy consumption and node it demonstrates that MANET is far superior to existing framework 802.11 protocol convention based on battery lifetime, energy consumption, throughput, and power transmission. We have performed a comparison between EEM and AODV routing protocol considering different measuring parameters

Empirical analysis of rough set categorical clustering techniques based on rough purity and value set

Clustering a set of objects into homogeneous groups is a fundamental operation in data mining. Recently, attention has been put on categorical data clustering, where data objects are made up of non-numerical attributes. The implementation of several existing categorical clustering techniques is challenging as some are unable to handle uncertainty and others have stability issues. In the process of dealing with categorical data and handling uncertainty, the rough set theory has become well-established mechanism in a wide variety of applications including databases. The recent techniques such as Information-Theoretic Dependency Roughness (ITDR), Maximum Dependency Attribute (MDA) and Maximum Significance Attribute (MSA) outperformed their predecessor approaches like Bi-Clustering (BC), Total Roughness (TR), Min-Min Roughness (MMR), and standard-deviation roughness (SDR). This work explores the limitations and issues of ITDR, MDA and MSA techniques on data sets where these techniques fails to select or faces difficulty in selecting their best clustering attribute. Accordingly, two alternative techniques named Rough Purity Approach (RPA) and Maximum Value Attribute (MVA) are proposed. The novelty of both proposed approaches is that, the RPA presents a new uncertainty definition based on purity of rough relational data base whereas, the MVA unlike other rough set theory techniques uses the domain knowledge such as value set combined with number of clusters (NoC). To show the significance, mathematical and theoretical basis for proposed approaches, several propositions are illustrated. Moreover, the recent rough categorical techniques like MDA, MSA, ITDR and classical clustering technique like simple K-mean are used for comparison and the results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. For experiments, data sets from previously utilized research cases, a real supply base management (SBM) data set and UCI repository are utilized. The results reveal significant improvement by proposed techniques for categorical clustering in terms of purity (21%), entropy (9%), accuracy (16%), rough accuracy (11%), iterations (99%) and time (93%). vi

Innovative design for ferrofluids based parabolic trough solar collector

The demand for modern energy services is increasing rapidly. Solar energy has the potential to meet a significant share of the world’s energy request. Solar energy is one of the cleanest renewable forms with little or no effect on the environment. The concentrating solar power is one of the methods to harvest sun’s energy. Concentrating solar power has the advantage of easier energy storage compared to photovoltaic systems. However, the cost of energy generated by those systems is higher than conventional energy sources. It is necessary to improve the performance of concentrating solar power to make them cost competitive. Moreover, few countries such as Saudi Arabia are moving from energy based on fossil fuel to renewable energy, therefore, improving the performance of concentrating solar systems and reducing their cost is considered to emulate photovoltaic systems. This research aims to develop an innovative design of parabolic trough solar collector that uses magnetic nanofluids as a heat transfer fluid to enhance the thermal efficiency compared to conventional parabolic trough. Based on past researches, new parabolic trough design is then proposed and investigated. Ferromagnetic nanoparticles dispersed in common heat transfer fluids (ferrofluids) exhibit better thermos-physical properties compared to the base fluids. By applying the right magnetic intensity and magnetic field direction, the thermal conductivity of the fluid increased higher than typical nanofluids. Moreover, the ferrofluids exhibit excellent optical properties. The external magnetic source is installed to alter the thermo-physical properties of the fluid. This thesis is comprised of four studies including two experimental studies, one heat transfer analysis, and one economic and environmental study. A small scale parabolic trough collector was manufactured and assembled at the laboratory based on the British Standards. A steady-state method was used to measure the performance of the parabolic trough collector in corresponding studies. The performance of the ferrofluids as a heat transfer fluid was compared to the base fluid. The two experimental studies differ in the absorber used. The two absorbers used were a conventional non-direct absorber and a direct absorber without a selective surface that allows ferrofluids to absorb the incoming solar irradiation directly. The effects of nanoparticle concentration, anti-foaming, external magnetic field intensity were investigated. The volume fraction of nanoparticles was 0.05%, 0.25%, and 0.75%. Three different magnetic field intensities were investigated, 3.14 mT, 6.28 mT, and 10.47 mT. Using ferrofluids to enhance the heat transfer performance the efficiency of the ferrofluids solar collector was compared to the based fluid (water). The results show that the parabolic trough solar collector in the experiment has similar performance of flat-plate solar collectors. The efficiency of the collector improved when ferrofluids water used compared to water. Ferrofluids with low concentration improved the performance of the solar collector. The ferrofluids showed much better performance at higher reduced temperature with lower overall heat loss coefficient. Due to the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fluid, increasing the volume fraction of particles will suppress the enhancement. The pH of ferrofluids influences the behaviour of the fluid. pH values higher than 5 showed a Newtonian behaviour of the fluid. In the presence of magnetic field, the performance of the solar collector enhanced further. By increasing the magnetic field intensity, the absorbed energy parameter increased, and at higher magnetic field intensity, the rate of enhancement decreases due to the magnetic saturation of ferrofluids. In this study, the performance of non-direct absorption receiver was better than the direct absorption receiver. However, the performance of the collector with a direct absorption receiver and using ferrofluids in the presence of the external magnetic field in some cases was higher than the performance of non-direct receiver with water as heat transfer medium. The performance of ferrofluids based parabolic trough collector was theoretically investigated. The correlation, equations, and specifications used in the model were discussed in detail. The model was used to study two different parabolic trough designs. First, the parabolic trough was validated with the experimental results of AZTRAK platform. The results of the model show a good agreement with the experimental data. Thereafter, nanoparticles were added to the heat transfer fluid, and the performance of the collector with and without the presence of external magnetic field was determined. The performance of the collector did not change a lot unless the external magnetic field was present. Moreover, the effect of the glass envelope on the performance was observed. A glass cover with vacuum in the annulus has higher performance and less thermal loss. Second, the model was used to study the performance of the test rig ferrofluids based parabolic trough. The performance of the parabolic trough was first considered as concentrating collector and then as a non-concentrating collector. With the lack of an external magnetic field, the efficiency changed slightly, wherein the presence of the external magnetic field the performances of the collector enhanced and showed higher performances. In General, the presence of the magnetic field showed promising enhancement. Economic and environmental effects of using ferrofluids based solar collector compared to a flat-plate collector for household water heating systems. Results show that the ferrofluids based parabolic trough has lower payback period and higher economic saving at its useful life end than a flat-plate solar collector. The ferrofluids based collector has higher embodied energy and pollution offsets tan flat-plate collector. Moreover, if 50% insertion of ferrofluids based parabolic trough for domestic hot water could be achieved in Tabuk over 83,750 metric Ton of CO2 could be eliminated

Fabrication and Characterization of Nanofibers Membranes using Electrospinning Technology for Oil Removal

تعتبر المياه العادمة الزيتية أحدى أكثر التدفقات التي يصعب التعامل معها خاصة إذا وجد الزيت على شكل طور مستحلب. في هذه الدراسة، تم استخدام طريقة الغزل الكهربائي لتحضيرأغشية الياف نانوية رقيقة من البولي فينيل فلورايد ودراسة أدائها في إزالة الزيت. تم تضمين جسيمات الجرافين في غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد المغزول كهربائيا لتعزيز كفاءة الأغشية. تم توصيف الأغشية المحضرة باستخدام الفحص المجهري الإلكتروني الماسح للتحقق من استقرار الجرافين على سطح الغشاء بشكل متجانس، بينما تم استخدام التحليل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء للكشف عن المجموعات الوظيفية على سطح الغشاء. تم تقييم قابلية الغشاء و مدى كونه محب للماء عن طريق قياس زاوية التلامس. تم اختبار كفاءة غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد / جرافين في فصل الزيت المستحلب عن المحاليل المائية مقارنة مع غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد المصنعة بنفس الطريقة ولكن بدون اي اضافات. أظهرت النتائج أن غشاء ألياف النانو البولي فينيل فلورايد / جرافين أظهر أداء أفضل من غشاء ألياف النانو بدون إضافات بمتوسط تدفق مياه 210 و 180 لتر /م2 ساعة على التوالي. أظهر كلا الغشاءين رفضًا عاليًا للزيت بنسبة تزيد عن 98٪.Oily wastewater is one of the most challenging streams to deal with especially if the oil exists in emulsified form. In this study, electrospinning method was used to prepare nanofiberous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes and study their performance in oil removal. Graphene particles were embedded in the electrospun PVDF membrane to enhance the efficiency of the membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the graphene stabilization on the surface of the membrane homogeneously; while FTIR was used to detect the functional groups on the membrane surface. The membrane wettability was assessed by measuring the contact angle. The PVDF and PVDF / Graphene membranes efficiency was tested in separation of emulsified oil from aqueous solutions. The results showed that PVDF-Graphene nanofiber membrane exhibited better performance than the plain PVDF nanofiber membrane with average water flux of 210 and 180 L.m-2.h-1, respectively. Both membranes showed high oil rejection with more than 98%

MEASUREMENT OF GROUND LEVEL OZONE IN SELECTIVE LOCATIONS IN BAGHDAD CITY

The ground level ozone concentration at different locations in Baghdad city was identified. Five different sites have been chosen to identify the ground level ozone concentration. Al- Dora and Al- Za'afarania were chosen as areas contained point source ( power plant station ) in addition to high traffic load , while Al –Uma park, Aden square and Al-Mawal square were chosen as area contained heavy traffic only (line source). The measurement focuses on spring and fall because these periods display favorable meteorology to ozone formation. During the research period the maximum values (peaks) for ground level ozone concentration were observed at fall: at Al-Za'afarania area 101ppb as an average, at Al-Dora 87 ppb as an average and at line source areas 48 ppb as an average. Among the line sources area Al-Mawal square represent the highest peak value at fall 68 ppb. At spring the peaks of ozone concentration observed to be at the same height, 50 ppb for all sites. The downwind sites from the power plant stations at Al-Dora and Al-Za'afarania areas record higher ozone peaks compared with up wind sites. It can be concluded that the effect of power plant stations in forming ozone is larger than traffic load. The comparison between the ground level ozone concentrations that measured during the research period in spring and fall, and the ambient air quality standards (AAQS) shows that: • No exceeded levels were observed in spring for all sites. • In fall the AAQS for ozone was exceeded in Al-Za'afarania area at 12: PM, 1: PM, 2: PM and 3: PM, and in Al-Dora at 2: PM