Batch and flow injection spectrophotometric methods for determination of Ceftazidime in pharmaceutical formulations

  تم وصف تقنيتين طيفيتين لقياس كمية السيفتازيديم (CFT) في الأدوية والتركيبات الصيدلانية.  فهي بسيطة وحساسة وانتقائية ودقيقة وفعالة.  يستخدم الأسلوب الأول وسيطًا قلويًا لتحويل السيفتازيديم إلى ملح الديازونيوم ، والذي يتم دمجه بعد ذلك مع كواشف1-Naphthol (1-NPT) و2)2-Naphthol-NPT).  تم إنتاج صبغة الآزو باللونين البني والأحمر ، مع كثافة امتصاص تصل إلى ƛmax 585nm and max 545nm ، على التوالي.  تم اتباع قانون بير من حيث مدى التركيز (3-40) لـ (CFT-1-NPT) و (CFT-2 NPT) ، كانت حدود الكشف 1.0096 and 0.8017 g.ml-1على التوالي ، وكانت الامتصاصية المولية  0.7926×104 and 0.5466×104 L.mol1cm-1. 0تُستخدم طريقة تحليل حقن التدفق (FIA) لتقدير السيفتازيديم وتسجيل القياسات باستخدام نهج الأشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية في الإجراء الثاني.  يسمح حقن التدفق بتقدير دقيق للعقار في ظل ظروف تجريبية مثالية.  كانت التركيزات في نطاق(3-50)  لـ (CFT-1-NPT) و (CFT-2-NPT) ، وكانت حدود الكشف0.8102, 1.2809g.ml-1 . ، والامتصاصية المولية 0.9565×104  ,0.7106×104 L.mol-1. cm-1, على التوالي تم استخدام الأسلوبين المقترحين لتقدير السيفتازيديم في المستحضرات الصيدلانية بنجاح حيث تميزت هذه الطريقة بالبساطة والسرعة والدقة والتكلفة المنخفضة.It is generally accepted that there are two spectrophotometric techniques for quantifying ceftazidime (CFT) in bulk medications and pharmaceutical formulations.  The methods  are described as simple, sensitive, selective, accurate and efficient techniques. The first method used an alkaline medium to convert ceftazidime to its diazonium salt, which is then combined with the 1-Naphthol (1-NPT) and 2-Naphthol (2-NPT) reagents. The azo dye that was produced brown  and red in color with absorption intensities of ƛmax 585 and 545nm respectively. Beer's law was followed in terms of concentration ranging from  (3-40) µg .ml-1 For (CFT-1-NPT) and (CFT-2-NPT), the detection limits were 1.0096 and 0.8017 µg.ml-1, respectively, and the molar absorptivity was 0.7926×104 and 0.5466×104 L.mol-1.cm-1. The Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) method is used to estimate ceftazidime and in the second procedure record measurements using the UV-Visible approach. The Flow injection allows for exact drug estimation under ideal experimental conditions. The concentrations were in the range of (3-50) µg .ml-1 For (CFT-1-NPT) and (CFT-2-NPT), the detection limits were 0.8102, 1. 2809µg.ml-1, and the molar absorptivity was 0.9565×104 ,0.7106×104 L.mol-1.cm-1, respectively. The proposed two methods for determination Ceftazidime in Pharmaceutical formulation were successfully applied, as these methods were characterized by simplicity, speed, accuracy, and low cost

New Spectrophotometric Estimation and Cloud Point Extraction of Cefdinir

A sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of cefdinir (CFD), a cephalosporin species. This study involves two methods, and the first method includes the preparing of azo dye by the reaction of CFD diazonium salt with 4-Tert-Butylphenol (4-TBP) and 2-Naphthol (2-NPT) in alkaline medium, which shows colored dyes measured at λmax 490 and 535 nm, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed along the concentration range of (3-100) μg.ml-1. The limits of detection were 0.246, 0.447 μg.ml-1 and molar absorptivities were 0.6129×104, 0.3361×104 L.mol-1cm-1 for (CFD-4-TBP) and (CFD-2-NPT), respectively. The second method includes preconcentration for cefdinir dyes by using cloud point extraction in the presence of Triton X-114 (10% v/v) and recording measurements using the UV-Visible technique. Cloud point extraction enables the drug to be precisely estimated under the optimal experimental conditions. The concentrations were ranged between (0.1-6.0) and (0.2-6.0) μg.ml-1. The limits of detection were 0.032, 0.054 μg.ml-1 and molar absorptivities were 0.4733×105, 0.2788×105 L.mol-1cm-1, respectively. Enrichment factors were 24.61, 24.58, and distribution coefficients were 1526, 1393 for (CFD-4-TBP), (CFD-2-NPT), respectively. The proposed methods have been applied for the determination of CFD in commercial formulation with no interference. The results appear to be no significant difference between the two methods

Immunogenicity of the biosimilar CT-P13 infliximab or the original infliximab in Iraqi patients with Ankylosing spondylitis does not correlate with their demographic characteristics

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis is a rare disease affecting people with hereditary factors. Its treatment includes life style modification and use of drugs such as the biologic agent infliximab or its biosimilar, CT-P13 infliximab. Despite their therapeutic usefulness, these agents are associated with a number of serious adverse effects such as immunogenicity. Objectives: The aim of current study was to investigate if immunogenicity of the biosimilar CT-P13 infliximab or the original infliximab, in Iraqi patients with Ankylosing spondylitis, is affected by any of the patients’ demographic characteristics. Methods: A retrospective open-label study was conducted from December 2021 to March 2022 at the Rheumatology Unit, Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City, Baghdad. Forty-four patients were taking Infliximab, and another 50 patients were taking CT-P13, both at a dose of 5mg/kg for 3 months prior to recruitment in current study. Disease activity was assessed by ASDAS-CRP score while antibodies and C-reactive protein were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package for Social Sciences version 20.0. The level of significance was considered at P<0.05. Results: There was non-significant correlation between anti-infliximab antibodies and demographic data of patients (P>0.05). Similar data were reported regarding the biosimilar CT-P13 infliximab except for smoking and disease activity which exhibited significant correlation with development of anti-CT-P13 antibodies (P<0.05). Conclusion: Immunogenicity of the biosimilar CT-P13 infliximab, but not that of the original Infliximab, may be influenced by demographic characteristics or disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Study the Corrosion Inhibition on the Iraqi Fuel Tanks using Cefoperazone Drug

Corrosion is one of the most important problems that face the petroleum industry, both production and refining, and cause damage to petroleum equipment, tanks, and transmission lines, and increasing maintenance costs. in this study ,  was  adding six concentrations of the drug expired Cefoperzone (Exp CEF) (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) to a Simulated Oil Well Water (SOWW), the inhibitive role of (Exp CEF)  drug was investigated to Reduce the corrosion risk of carbon steel. Four different temperatures were used to conduct electrochemical tests (303, 313, 323 and 333 K) to achieve the study. The study was then supported by an examination of the inhibited surface using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive (FESEM) and (AFM). The results indicated occurring the inhibition by an anodic inhibitor that controls the dissolution of iron from steel gave the highest inhibition efficiency (IE%) by adding 500 ppm, while the calculation of polarization resistance (Rp) gave the highest resistance by 400 ppm through adsorption the added drug to show flakes shaped structures with decreasing surface roughness (Ra ) from 307.1 to 83.15  after inhibition. The calculation of adsorption isotherm confirmed the obeying of Langmuir adsorption isotherm by giving the coefficient of linear regression was about one in the range of 0.999 > R^2 > 0.995, with the spontaneous adsorption that estimated from the negative values of 〖∆H〗_ads^o and variation in the type of adsorption to be physically or chemically according to the added concentration because of the differential sign of 〖∆H〗_ads^o . The sign of 〖∆H〗_ads^o was positive that reflecting the increase in randomness at the metal/solution interface.

Rickettsial illnesses as important causes of febrile illness in Chittagong, Bangladesh

We conducted a yearlong prospective study of febrile patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in Chittagong, Bangladesh, to assess the proportion of patients with rickettsial illnesses and identify the causative pathogens, strain genotypes, and associated seasonality patterns. We diagnosed scrub typhus in 16.8% (70/416) and murine typhus in 5.8% (24/416) of patients; 2 patients had infections attributable to undifferentiated Rickettsia spp. and 2 had DNA sequence-confirmed R. felis infection. Orientia tsutsugamushi genotypes included Karp, Gilliam, Kato, and TA763-like strains, with a prominence of Karp-like strains. Scrub typhus admissions peaked in a biphasic pattern before and after the rainy season, whereas murine typhus more frequently occurred before the rainy season. Death occurred in 4% (18/416) of cases; case-fatality rates were 4% each for scrub typhus (3/70) and murine typhus (1/28). Overall, 23.1% (96/416) of patients had evidence of treatable rickettsial illnesses, providing important evidence toward optimizing empirical treatment strategies

Derivative Zero - Crossing Spectrophotometry Of Binary Mixtures Of Acetyl Acetonates Of Micro – Amounts Of Mn (Ii) And Al (Iii).

New derivative molecular absorption spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of Al (III) , Mn (II) , individually and binary mixtures . The aim of this model of study is to obtain analytical results characterized by adequate standard of analytical figures of merits through application of derivative Spectrophotometry (dnA/d?n). The two metals acetyl acetonates are chemically stable and are widely used as catalysts . Where Interferences are probable due to very close or nearby peaks or Summits, the Zero – Crossing derivative measurement technique is used to avoid interfering effects between two metals pairs

Adsorption of fast green dye onto Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs synthesized by photo-irradiation method: Isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics, and reuse studies

In this study, the adsorption of Fast Green dye (FGD) on the surface of ferrous ferric oxide Fe3O4 MNPs and Graphene oxide Nano-Sheets/ferrous ferric oxide GO/Fe3O4 MNPs as adsorbents was examined. The photo-irradiation method was successfully used to synthesize Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs using UV lamp. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the GO and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. XRD, FESEM, and EDX were used to characterize the Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. Optimal adsorption conditions were studied, including a contact time of 60 min, MNPs amount of 0.05 g, pH 2, FGD concentration of 10 mg/L, and temperature of 308 K. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were used to fit the experimental equilibrium data at five different temperatures (288, 298, 308, 318, and 328 K). It was noticed that FGD adsorption on Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs is consistent with the Freundlich model at 308 K. The PSO rate kinetics suggests that both MNPs are promising materials for the removal of FGD from aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption processes are non-spontaneous on both MNPs surfaces, endothermic for Fe3O4 MNPs, and exothermic for GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. All the results confirm that Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs have the potential to be efficient, low-cost, reusable, and stable adsorbents for the removal of FGD from aqueous solutions

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of Fast Green dye based on magnetic nanoparticles (GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4) prepared by photo-irradiation method

The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of (GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4) were synthesized, characterized, and then utilized to prepare magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), introducing a new method for the determination of Fast Green dye coupled with UV–visible spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that Fast Green dye was adsorbed on GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs and was released using 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 0.5–6 mg/L and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2648. The high values of the preconcentration factor (25) and enhancement factor (10.5789) indicate that the MSPE process has concentrated the Fast Green dye by 25 times and made it 10.5789 times more sensitive. This highlights the successful extraction and concentration of Fast Green dye into a small volume of 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH through the MSPE process. Furthermore, the GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs sorbent exhibited reusability for up to five cycles. The application of greenness assessment tools (AES, GAPI, and AGREE) confirmed that MSPE can be considered a green chemistry method

Покращення швидкості зносу і твердості шляхом додавання гібридних наноматеріалів в AA7075

Aluminum alloys have become an essential material in many modern applications, such as automobiles, marines and aviation industries. It is expected that more applications will heavily depend on aluminum alloys to reduce the weight and maintain safety standards, many previous studies have done in this regard. Numerous of these applications’ parts could be subjected to different loading and environmental conditions. This includes wearing stress and loss of the surface properties. To address these issues, intensive researches have been conducted aiming to improve aluminum wear resistance. However, there is an increasing demand to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of enhancing wear resistance. Preparation of nano-materials combined with aluminum alloy can be made in several known metallurgical methods. One of the most important difficulties and challenges faced in the manufacture of these nano-materials is to obtain a homogeneous mixture that does not have manufacturing defects. The present work aims to process and evaluate the Nano-hybrid composites of with different ratios of (Cu+Ti) mixed with AA7075 by using the liquid stir casting method by using (pin-on-disc) wear testing apparatus. The results showed when using multiple speeds and different loads in practical experiments, that the volumetric wear loss increase from 2.8 mm3 to 29.89 mm3 for zero–Nano and from 0.889 mm3 to 3.09 mm3 for 0.8 %+0.3 % (Cu+Ti) composite at speed 100 to 300 respectively. And from 12.81 mm3 to 0.889 mm3 at 25N. The coefficient of friction is reduced with the addition of reinforced material at 0.8 %+0.3 % (Cu+Ti) composite from 0.172 to 0.05. The hardness (BH) of the prepared composites increases with increasing the amount of hybrid Nano–reinforced materials. The enhancement percentage of 25.4 % is attained compared to the matrix material. These additions, which were in certain proportions, improved the mechanical propertiesАлюмінієві сплави стали незамінним матеріалом у багатьох сучасних галузях, таких як автомобілі, суднобудування та авіація. Очікується, що більша кількість додатків значною мірою залежатиме від алюмінієвих сплавів для зниження ваги та дотримання стандартів безпеки, у цьому відношенні було проведено безліч попередніх досліджень. Деталі багатьох з цих додатків можуть зазнавати різних навантажень та умов навколишнього середовища. Це включає навантаження на зношування та втрату властивостей поверхні. Для вирішення цих проблем було проведено інтенсивні дослідження, спрямовані на підвищення зносостійкості алюмінію. Проте зростає потреба у забезпеченні всебічного розуміння механізмів підвищення зносостійкості. Одержання наноматеріалів у поєднанні з алюмінієвим сплавом може здійснюватись кількома відомими металургійними методами. Однією з найважливіших труднощів та завдань, що виникають при виготовленні цих наноматеріалів, є отримання однорідної суміші, яка не має виробничих дефектів. Ця робота спрямована на обробку та оцінку наногібридних композитів з різними співвідношеннями (Cu+Ti), змішаних з AA7075, з використанням методу лиття з перемішуванням рідини з використанням пристрою для випробувань на знос (штифт на диску). Результати показали, що при використанні кількох швидкостей та різних навантажень у практичних експериментах об'ємні втрати на знос збільшуються з 2,8 мм3 до 29,89 мм3 для нуль-нано та з 0,889 мм3 до 3,09 мм3 для 0,8 %+0,3 % (Cu+Ti) композиту за швидкості від 100 до 300 відповідно. І з 12,81 мм3 до 0,889 мм3 за 25Н. Коефіцієнт тертя знижується при додаванні армуючого матеріалу 0,8 % +0,3 % (Cu+Ti) композиту з 0,172 до 0,05. Твердість (BH) отриманих композитів збільшується зі збільшенням кількості наноармованих гібридних матеріалів. Досягається відсоток покращення 25,4 % порівняно з матричним матеріалом. Ці добавки у певних пропорціях покращували механічні властивост

FIA- spectrophotometric method for the determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceuticals; application of AES, GAPI, and AGREE greenness assessment tools

A new, simple, and sensitive FIA-spectrophotometric method has been developed for evaluating pure amoxicillin and pharmaceutical formulations. The FIA method involves the reaction of dapsone with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, the diazotized dapsone is coupled with amoxicillin in an alkaline medium, resulting in a stable orange dye with a maximum wavelength of 440 nm. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and found to have a concentration range of 1–150 µg/mL, a correlation coefficient of 0.9994, a molar extinction coefficient of 0.273 × 104 L/mol.cm, and a detection limit of 0.074 µg/mL. The FIA method was then evaluated using AES, GAPI, and AGREES analytical greenness assessment tools. The FIA method uses dapsone as an eco-friendly reagent, in addition to the FIA method's advantages of reduced sample and reagent usage, reduced waste generation, and cheaper equipment. So, it has been proposed as an excellent eco-friendly method for the determination of AMX in pharmaceutical formulations