Epizootiološko istraživanje slinavke i šapa u Sudanu: stanje nakon dva desetljeća

In order to update information on the situation regarding foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the Sudan, a serosurvey and disease survey were conducted. Recently collected data on FMD in the Sudan showed that FMD is a major constraint to animal production in the country. It presents no threat nor does it cause mild disease in sheep and goats. The disease, with obvious clinical signs, has been detected in cattle only, and is caused by serotype O and SAT 2. Seasonal occurrence of the disease in the cold, dry season has been observed and animal movement seems to play a major role in virus dissemination. A total of 1,069 sera were collected from cattle, sheep, goats, and camel, from seven states in the Sudan, for the detection of antibodies to FMDV. Application of liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA revealed that antibodies to four serotypes were present in ruminants; namely O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2. No antibodies to FMDV were detected in camel sera. The results differed from early reports regarding the prevalence of serotype specifi c antibodies in different species; for instance, in cattle, the antibodies to type A (78.13%) surpassed that of type O (69.39%) and the antibodies to type SAT 2 (44%) surpassed that of type SAT 1 (20.2%). This work elucidates the current epidemiology of FMD in some parts of the Sudan.Radi pružanja informacija o sadašnjem stanju slinavke i šapa u Sudanu provedena su serološka istraživanja te je prikazana njezina pojavnost. Svježe prikupljeni podatci o pojavi slinavke i šapa u Sudanu pokazali su da ona predstavlja veliku prepreku životinjskoj proizvodnji u toj zemlji. U ovaca i koza javlja se kao blaga bolest i ne predstavlja veliku prijetnju, dok se u goveda javlja s očitim kliničkim znakovima, a uzrokovana je serotipovima O i SAT 2. Bolest se javlja sezonski u hladnoj i suhoj sezoni, a promet životinjama ima glavnu ulogu u širenju virusa. Ukupno je bilo prikupljeno 1069 uzoraka seruma goveda, ovaca, koza i deva podrijetlom iz sedam država u Sudanu radi pretrage na prisutnost protutijela za virus slinavke i šapa. Blokirajućim imunonenzimnim testom dokazana su protutijela za četiri serotipa virusa: O, A, SAT 1 i SAT 2. Protutijela za virus slinavke i šapa nisu bila dokazana u uzorcima seruma deva. Rezultati se razlikuju od ranijih izvješća s obzirom na prevalenciju specifi čnih protutijela u različitih vrsta. Npr., specifi čna protutijela za serotip A dokazana su u 78,13% goveda, za serotip O u 69,39%, serotip SAT 2 u 44% te serotip SAT 1 u 20,2% goveda. U radu je prikazano sadašnje epizootiološko stanje slinavke i šapa u nekim dijelovima Sudana

Saudi EFL Students’ Speaking Anxiety from the Perspective of their College Instructors

Speaking is considered an essential literacy skill and enjoys a superior status among other language skills. Thus, this current study aims at scrutinizing Saudi EFL trainees’ speaking anxiety from their college instructors’ perspectives. It adheres to qualitative approach and utilizes face-to-face interviews with four language instructors. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that EFL instructors at Saudi colleges of technology are aware of their students’ speaking anxiety. Thus, they reported several causes that lead to students’ foreign language speaking anxiety (FLSA, hereafter) such as fear of making mistakes, the limited exposure to the language, low language proficiency, and fear of receiving negative evaluation from both their instructors and peers. In addition, the results revealed that the instructors use different strategies that help alleviating their students’ FLSA such as building good relationships with students, creating positive and friendly atmosphere in the classroom, increasing students’ engagement in the class and correcting students’ erroneous beliefs about language learning. Encouraging and motivating students to participate in oral tasks was a significant strategy stated by the instructors, which help reduce students’ FLSA in the classroom. The study concludes that the type of curriculum and overcrowding classes are factors that significantly affect the instructors’ awareness of their students’ FLSA

Teachers in the Twenty-first Century and Challenges of Technological Innovation in Teaching and Learning

In the present-day world, technological innovation is increasing the use of online tools and software. These tools have accelerated among academic institutions and teachers for impacting the student's skills and professional development. This study aims to explore differences between male and female teachers concerning their competencies and abilities for using computers and the internet for career development. The study also aimed to find out the competencies of male and female teachers for probing their influence on preparing students for technology integration in education. 768 teachers were chosen randomly from the public schools in the Asir region, KSA. The gathered data was quantitatively assessed by using SPSS, and which results were presented in descriptive and inferential forms. T-test results confirmed that male teachers' skills in using computers for professional development are minimal because the overall mean was 23.1471. The results reveal that the computer competency level among all teachers was higher for males as compared to females. It also indicates the need for a training program for future female teachers at training colleges as gender differences is indicated in terms of instructions, school technical support, and their future development. However, the findings of the study are specific to one region (Asir), which may not be generalized to other areas of the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia

Spectroscopy Characterization of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Degradation by Different Kinds of Accelerated Aging

يقدم البحث رؤية حول التشوه الحاصل في التركيب الكيمياوي للبوليمر المشترك المتحلل  اثلين فنيل الخلات EVA وذلك بحسب تغير نسبة قيم ثوابت المعدل المستحصلة من منحنيات الحركية الطيفية للعينات المتحللة. اذ تم تحديد  تضبيط رسم منحنيات الحركية الطيفية للفلورة ولمجالين مميزين من الاطوال الموجية لشدات الفلورة. حيث أظهرت الاطوال الموجية القصيرة (320-400 nm) تداخلا في الاطياف, بينما عند الاطوال الموجية الطويلة (400-800 nm) بدت الاطياف منتظمة وحسب أزمنة التعتيق المعجل. أن النسبة لثابت معدل سرعة التفاعل  عند الاطوال الموجية الطويلة الى ثابت معدل سرعة التفاعل للاطوال الموجية القصيرة هو المعيار لدرجة التشوه في البنية الكيمياوية. حيث يعتمد المعامل المولاري الخارجي على البنية الكيمياوية. من خلال قياس الامتصاصية, تم تصنيف نماذج EVA الى مجموعتين. اذ ان وجود اضافات Cyasorb هي النقطة الرئيسية في التصنيف. تم دراسة تأثير الأنواع المختلفة للتعتيق المعجل وهي, تسخين جاف عند 115 ℃و تسخين رطب عند رطوبة نسبية مقدارها 85% ودرجة حرارة 85 ℃ وتعتيق التشعيع بالاشعة فوق البنفسجية عند درجة حرارة 65 ℃ وعند ازمنة تعتيق مختلفة لكل مجموعة. وقد تم مناقشة نتائج اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة للعينات. اجمالا, فان اضافة Cyasorb تسبب تشوه اعلى في التركيب الكيمياوي عند تحلل. EVA  أن العامل الاكثر تأثيرا هو التعتيق الرطب بينما الاقل يحصل بواسطة التشعيع بالاشعة فوق البنفسجية. بينما تغير التركيب الكيمياوي الاكبر يحدث للعينة الخالية من اضافة Cyasorb , حيث ينتج من التعتيق الرطب أما التغير الاقل فينتج بواسطة التسخين الجاف.            This paper presents a sight about the chemical structure deformation of poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) samples according to the change ratio of rate constant values. Spectroscopy kinetics fluorescence curves are fitted for two characteristic wavelength domains of fluorescent intensities. The short wavelengths (320-400 nm) domain show spectra overlapping, while at long wavelengths (400-800 nm) domain spectra are arranged in regular for each specific accelerated aging time. The ratio of kinetics rate constant at long wavelengths to kinetics rate constant of short wavelengths is the criterion of the degree chemical structure deformation. Molar extrinsic coefficient relies on the chemical structure change. Through absorbance measurement, EVA samples have been classified into two groups. Presence of Cyasorb additive is the key point of the ranking. The effect of three different accelerated aging of dry (115 oC), damp (85% moisture, 85 oC), and irradiated (UV, 65 oC) aging have been considered for two samples of each group over different aging time. Spectroscopy of absorbance and fluorescent for aged samples have been discussed. In general, Cyasorb adding causes higher chemical structure deformation for the EVA sample. The most effective factor is the damp aging and the less one is the UV irradiation aging, while the biggest chemical structure change of Cyasorb-free sample is produced by damp aging and the less by dry heat.  &nbsp

Molecular Localization of Epstein Barr Virus and Rb Tumor Suppressor Gene Expression in Tissues from Prostatic Adenocarcinoma and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Background Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous in that infecting more than 90% of adult population worldwide. Recently, EBV has been linked to the development of variety of human malignancies including prostate tissues that range from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). Somatic point mutations in Rb gene have been detected in prostate cancer and are involved in progression steps of prostate carcinogenesis. Objective: To analyze the distribution and impact of concordant Rb expression and latent EBV infection on a group of prostate adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients and methods: Seventy- two (72) formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded  prostatic tissues were obtained in this study; (40) biopsies from prostatic carcinoma and  (20) from benign prostate hyperplasia as well as (12) apparently normal prostatic  autopsies control group. Detection of EBV-EBERs was done by ultra sensitive version of in situ hybridization method where as immunohistochemistry detection system was used to demonstrate the expression of Rb gene. Results: Detection of EBV-EBERs -ISH reactions in tissues with PAC was observed in 19 out of 40 (47.5%), while in the tissues from BPH was detected in 10% (2 out of 20). No EBV-EBERs positive – ISH reaction was detected in healthy prostate tissues in the control group.   The differences between the percentages of EBERs detection in tissues PAC and each of BPH & control groups were statistically highly significant (P value = < 0.0001). Positive Rb immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions were observed in 19 PAC cases (47.5%) and in 2 BPH cases (10%). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the EBV might contribute to the development of subset of prostate tumors. In addition, the significant percentage of expression of possible Rb gene as well as EBV in prostate adenocarcinoma could indicate for an important role of these molecular and viral factors in prostatic carcinogenesis. Key word: EBV; prostate adenocarcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, in situ hybridization

Online Mapping-Based Navigation System for Wheeled Mobile Robot in Road Following and Roundabout

A road mapping and feature extraction for mobile robot navigation in road roundabout and road following environments is presented in this chapter. In this work, the online mapping of mobile robot employing the utilization of sensor fusion technique is used to extract the road characteristics that will be used with path planning algorithm to enable the robot to move from a certain start position to predetermined goal, such as road curbs, road borders, and roundabout. The sensor fusion is performed using many sensors, namely, laser range finder, camera, and odometry, which are combined on a new wheeled mobile robot prototype to determine the best optimum path of the robot and localize it within its environments. The local maps are developed using an image’s preprocessing and processing algorithms and an artificial threshold of LRF signal processing to recognize the road environment parameters such as road curbs, width, and roundabout. The path planning in the road environments is accomplished using a novel approach so called Laser Simulator to find the trajectory in the local maps developed by sensor fusion. Results show the capability of the wheeled mobile robot to effectively recognize the road environments, build a local mapping, and find the path in both road following and roundabout

Activity of Peroxidase in Free Radicals, Human Blood Cells and Effect of the pH and Temperature on Peroxidase Activity and Stability

تركزت الابحاث السابقة للانزيمات على استخلاص وتنقية الانزيمات والمؤثرات الجانبية لاستخدام الادوية والمكملات الغذائية الكابحة للجذور الحرة. لذلك، الهدف من الدراسة هو توسيع تطبيقات إنزيم البيروكسيديز المنقى من الزوائف الزنجارية والقدرة على اكتشاف علاج انزيمي متوفر ورخيص الثمن وقليل التاثيرات الجانبيه. انزيم البيروكسيديز من الانزيمات المؤكسدة المختزلة والتي تعمل على تحفيز العديد من تفاعلات الاكسدة لتخليص الخلايا من خطر الجذور الحرة. اختبر البيروكسيديز في قدرته على كبح الجذور وسميته على خلايا الدم للإنسان لحل مشكلة الادوية والمكملات الغذائية. لذا استخدمت ثلاث تراكيز لانزيم البيروكسيديز (10,40,60 مايكروغرام/مل). حيث اظهر البيروكسيديز فعالية عالية في كبح الجذور الحرة عند تركيز (60 مايكروغرام/مل) وصلت الى 40.%درس تاثير الخلوي السام للبيروكسيديز على جميع خلايا الدم للانسان باستخدام جهاز عد الخلايا وباستخدام كميات متساوية من (الانزيم,المادة الاساس,الانزيم مع المادة الاساس) حيث لم يظهر الانزيم بدون المادة الاساس سوى تغيرا طفيفا باعداد الخلايا مقارنة بالمادة الاساس والمادة الاساس والانزيم. توصيف انزيم البيروكسيديز أجرى باستخدام أكثر من درجة حرارة واحدة وأكثر من اس هيدروجيني واحد حيث اظهرت النتائج ان أفضل اس هيدروجيني لفعالية الانزيم وثباتيته كانت عند اس هيدروجيني 7 وافظل درجة حرارة عند (40-45) درجة مئوية.The previously studies of enzymes were focused only on the extraction and purification of enzyme and increase the toxic effect of drugs and supplement of free radical scavenging. So, the aim of the study was to extend purified peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa application and to abundant new enzymatic drug of free radicals scavenging with low side effect. Peroxidase is categorized as oxido-reductases, which were used for catalyzing various oxidative reactions that protect cells from the harm effect of free radicals .Peroxidase was tested as antioxidant and test their toxicity on human cells to overcome the problem of the side effect of drug and supplement that used as an antioxidant. The enzyme was applied as H2O2 scavenging activity antioxidant by used three concentration of enzyme and triplicate (10, 40, 60 µg/ml). The enzyme was show higher activity at 60 µg/ml reached to 40% activity. The cytotoxicity of peroxidase was tested on whole healthy human blood by C.B.C by using equal amount 5µg of (enzyme substrate, only substrate and enzyme without substrate). The result showed that the enzyme only had no effect on human blood as compare with H2O2 and enzyme with H2O2. The characterization of enzyme was done by using more than one temperature and pH value and the result were shown that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity and stability rang (40-45°C) and the optimal pH for enzyme stability and activity were 7

Evaluation of Hepcidin Hormone and Some Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Children Patients with β-Thalassaemia Intermedia Before and After Blood Transfusion

Background:"thalassaemia" refers to a group of blood diseases characterized by low or absent synthesis of normal globin chains. Depending on the chain whose synthesis is impaired, the thalassaemias are called α‒, β‒,ɣ‒ ,σ‒ or ԑɣσβ-thalassaemias . Most thalassaemias are inherited as recessive traits.Objective: the aim of this study is evaluated hepcidin levels, transferrin, ferritin, serum iron and total iron bending capacity [TIBC] before and after blood transfusion of thalassaemia patients.Methods: In this study, we take 80 persons the age of them were mean±SD (9.68±2.08), 40 patients with β-thalassaemia intermedia, and 40 healthy persons as control. We take blood 5ml from thalassaemia's patients before blood transfusion and after transfusion of blood by 3 days. The total number of the samples we taken are 120, 40 samples before blood transfusion, 40 samples after blood transfusion and 40 control samples. Then we separated each sample into two tubes.Result: increase iron absorption of thalassaemia patient after blood transfusion due to decrease level of hepcidin.Conclusion: from this study was appear iron absorption meanly affect by hepcidin level, so that hepcidin was highly significant change in thalassaemia patient after blood transfusion and that lead to iron overload. So conclude high levels of ferritin after blood transfusion due to blood uptake lead to increase iron storage (ferritin). Keywords: β-thalassaemia intermidia, hepcidin, serum iron and ferritin (iron storage)

Evaluation of Hepcidin Hormone and Some Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Children Patients with β-Thalassaemia Intermedia Before and After Blood Transfusion

Background:"thalassaemia" refers to a group of blood diseases characterized by low or absent synthesis of normal globin chains. Depending on the chain whose synthesis is impaired, the thalassaemias are called α‒, β‒,ɣ‒ ,σ‒ or ԑɣσβ-thalassaemias . Most thalassaemias are inherited as recessive traits.Objective: the aim of this study is evaluated hepcidin levels, transferrin, ferritin, serum iron and total iron bending capacity [TIBC] before and after blood transfusion of thalassaemia patients.Methods: In this study, we take 80 persons the age of them were mean±SD (9.68±2.08), 40 patients with β-thalassaemia intermedia, and 40 healthy persons as control. We take blood 5ml from thalassaemia's patients before blood transfusion and after transfusion of blood by 3 days. The total number of the samples we taken are 120, 40 samples before blood transfusion, 40 samples after blood transfusion and 40 control samples. Then we separated each sample into two tubes.Result: increase iron absorption of thalassaemia patient after blood transfusion due to decrease level of hepcidin.Conclusion: from this study was appear iron absorption meanly affect by hepcidin level, so that hepcidin was highly significant change in thalassaemia patient after blood transfusion and that lead to iron overload. So conclude high levels of ferritin after blood transfusion due to blood uptake lead to increase iron storage (ferritin). Keywords: β-thalassaemia intermidia, hepcidin, serum iron and ferritin (iron storage)

Laser simulator: a novel search graph-based path planning approach

A novel technique called laser simulator approach for visibility search graph-based path planning has been developed in this article to determine the optimum collision-free path in unknown environment. With such approach, it is possible to apply constraints on the mobile robot trajectory while navigating in complex terrains such as in factories and road environments, as the first work of its kind. The main advantage of this approach is the ability to be used for both global/local path planning in the presence of constraints and obstacles in unknown environments. The principle of the laser simulator approach with all possibilities and cases that could emerge during path planning is explained to determine the path from initial to destination positions in a two-dimensional map. In addition, a comparative study on the laser simulator approach, A* algorithm, Voronoi diagram with fast marching and PointBug algorithms was performed to show the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed approach. A case study on the utilization of the laser simulator in both global and local path planning has been applied in a road roundabout setting which is regarded as a complex environment for robot path planning. In global path planning, the path is generated within a grid map of the roundabout environment to select the path according to the respective road rules. It is also used to recognize the real roundabout from a sequence of images during local path planning in the real-world system. Results show that the performance of the proposed laser simulator approach in both global and local environments is achieved with low computational and path costs, in which the optimum path from the selected start position to the goal point is tracked accordingly in the presence of the obstacles