The prognostic significance of BMI1 expression in invasive breast cancer is dependent on its molecular subtypes

Purpose: BMI-1, which is a major component of the polycomb groupcomplex 1 is an essential epigenetic repressor of multiple regulatory genes and has been identified as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in several cancers. However, its role in breast cancer (BC) remains to be defined. In this study, we have evaluated the prognostic significance of BMI-1 among the different molecular subtypes and assessed its association with other breast CSC markers (BCSC).Material and Method: BMI-1 copy number and mRNA was assessed in large and well-characterised cohorts of early-stage BC patients [METABRIC (n=1980) and the Bc-GenExMiner (n=9616) databases]. BMI-1 protein expression was assessed using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 870 invasive BC patients with long- term outcome data and the expression of a panel of BCSC markers was monitored.Result: BMI-1 expression, prognostic significance and its association with BCSC markers were differed between molecular classes. In the luminal oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC, BMI-1 showed significantly higher expression compared to ER- tumours. BMI-1 showed positive correlation with favourable prognostic features and it was negatively associated with the expression of key BCSC markers (ALDH1A1, CD24, CD44, CD133, SOX10 and SOX9). High expression of BMI-1 was associated with longer breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) independent of other prognostic variables. In the basal triple negative BC subtype, BMI-1 expression showed positive association with CD133 and SOX10 and it was significantly associated with shorter BCSS.Conclusion: High variables and outcome in BC. However, this association is dependent on the molecular subtypes. Further functional assessment to detect its underlying mechanistic roles in BC subtypes is warranted

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) associates with the tumour immune microenvironment but not progression in invasive breast carcinoma

Some previous studies have reported that the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) plays a role in breast cancer, is associated with lymph node metastasis and drives the site of distant metastasis. However, the impact of its expression on patient outcome and its association with tumour infiltrating inflammatory cells remain to be validated. We evaluated CCR7 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a large well characterized cohort (n = 866) of early invasive primary breast cancers. CCR7 was expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of tumour cells. We observed a weak positive association of high CCR7 expression when in either cellular component, but not both together, with axillary lymph node stage 3 tumours (p = 0.043). Logistic regression analysis of lymph node stage revealed no independent predictive value for CCR7 expression. CCR7 expression was higher in HER2 positive tumours (p = 0.03) and associated with positive CD68+ FOXP3+ tumour infiltrating cells. CCR7 staining was negatively associated with CD3+ cells. There was no significant association of CCR7 expression with breast cancer recurrence or survival. We conclude that while CCR7 is not a useful biomarker for predicting lymph node metastasis, it may reflect altered intra- and inter-cellular signalling related to the immune microenvironment. The subcellular localization of CCR7 appears to affect the nature of these interactions

The prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 expression in early invasive breast cancer

Aims: Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1)is reportedly a key ALDH isozyme linked to the cancer stem cells (CSC) of many solid tumours, where it is involved in self-renewal, differentiation and self-protection. In this study, the prognostic significance of ALDH1A1 expression in early invasive breast cancer (BC) and its role as a BC stem cell (BCSC) were evaluated.Methods: ALDH1A1 expression was assessed, using immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays, in a large well- characterised BC cohort. ALDH1A1 mRNA expression was also assessed at the transcriptomic levels, utilising data from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium. The associations of ALDH1A1 with clinicopathological parameters, other stem cell markers and patient outcomes were determined.Results: ALDH1A1 was expressed in 71% of BC cases, at both the protein and mRNA levels. High ALDH1A1 expression was associated with poor prognostic features, including high grade, poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), lymph node metastasis and highly proliferative ER+ (luminal B) and triple negative (TNBC) subtypes. ALDH1A1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of CD44, CD24, TWIST, SOX9, EPCAM and CD133. The high immunoexpression of ALDH1A1 was significantly associated with poor BC-specific survival [less than] 0.001), and specifically in the luminal B and TNBC subtypes (P=0.042 and P=0.003, respectively). The immunoexpression of ALDH1A1 was an independent predictor of poor prognosis (P=0.015).Conclusions: ALDH1A1, as assessed using IHC, seems to act as a BCSC marker associated not only with other BCSC markers but also with poor prognostic characteristics and poor outcomes, particularly in the luminal B and TNBC subtypes

Molecular Complexity of Lymphovascular Invasion: The Role of Cell Migration in Breast Cancer as a Prototype

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer (BC); however, its underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined. LVI in BC develops through complex molecular pathways involving not only the interplay with the surrounding microenvironment along with endothelial cells lining the lymphovascular spaces but also changes in the malignant epithelial cells with the acquisition of more invasion and migration abilities. In this review, we focus on the key features that enable tumour cell detachment from the primary niche, their migration and interaction with the surrounding microenvironment as well as the crosstalk with the vascular endothelial cells, which eventually lead to intravasation of tumour cells and LVI. Intravascular tumour cells emboli survival and migration, their distant site extravasation, stromal invasion and growth are part of the metastatic cascade. Cancer cell migration commences with loss of tumour cells’ cohesion initiating the invasion and migration processes which are usually accompanied by the accumulation of specific cellular and molecular changes that enable tumour cells to overcome the blockades of the extracellular matrix, spread into surrounding tissues and interact with stromal cells and immune cells. Thereafter, tumour cells migrate further via interacting with lymphovascular endothelial cells to penetrate the vessel wall leading ultimately to intravasation of cancer cells. Exploring the potential factors influencing cell migration in LVI can help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LVI to identify targeted therapy in BC

Clinical Impact of Tumour DNA Repair Expression and T-cell Infiltration in Breast Cancers

Impaired DNA repair drives mutagenicity, which increases neoantigen load and immunogenicity. We investigated the expression of proteins involved in the DNA damage response (ATM, Chk2), double-strand break repair (BRCA1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, RECQL5, TOPO2A, DNA-PKcs, Ku70/Ku80), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC1), base excision repair (XRCC1, pol β, FEN1, PARP1), and immune responses (CD8, PD-1, PD-L1, FOXP3) in 1,269 breast cancers and validated our findings in an independent estrogen receptor–negative (ER−) cohort (n = 279). Patients with tumors that expressed low XRCC1, low ATM, and low BRCA1 were not only associated with high numbers of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, but were also linked to higher grades, high proliferation indexes, presence of dedifferentiated cells, ER− cells, and poor survival (all P ≤ 0.01). PD-1+ or PD-L1+ breast cancers with low XRCC1 were also linked to an aggressive phenotype that was high grade, had high proliferation indexes, contained dedifferentiated cells and ER− (all with P values ≤ 0.01), and poor survival (P = 0.00021 and P = 0.00022, for PD-1+ and PD-L1+ cancers, respectively) including in an independent ER− validation cohort (P = 0.007 and P = 0.047, respectively). We conclude that the interplay between DNA repair, CD8, PD-L1, and PD-1 can promote aggressive tumor phenotypes. XRCC1-directed personalization of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be feasible and warrants further investigation in breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(4); 292–9. ©2017 AACR

Prognostic Significance of KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) in Invasive Breast Cancer

Background: KN Motif and Ankyrin Repeat Domains 1 (KANK1) plays an important role in cytoskeleton maintenance and contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis. KANK1 is involved in progression of a variety of solid tumours, however, its role in invasive breast cancer (BC) remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic value of KANK1 expression in operable BC.Methods: KANK1 expression was assessed at the transcriptomic level using multiple BC cohorts; the Molecular Taxonomy of BC International Consortium cohort (METABRIC; n=1980), The Cancer Genome Atlas BC cohort (TCGA; n=949) and the publicly available BC transcriptomic data hosted by BC Gene-Expression Miner (bc- GenExMiner v4.0) and Kaplan Meier-plotter?. The Nottingham BC cohort (n=1500) prepared as tissue microarrays was used to assess KANK1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The association between clinicopathological variables and patient outcome was investigated.Results: In the METABRIC cohort, high expression of KANK1 mRNA was associated with characteristics of good prognosis including lower grade, absence of lymphovascular invasion and HER2 negativity (all;

Ki67 expression in invasive breast cancer: the use of tissue microarrays compared with whole tissue sections.

BACKGROUND: Although the prognostic value of Ki67 in breast cancer is well documented, using optimal cut-points for patient stratification, reproducibility of the scoring and interpretation of the results remains a matter of debate particularly when using tissue microarrays (TMAs). This study aims to assess Ki67 expression assessed on TMAs and their matched whole tissue sections (WTS). Moreover, whether the cut-off used for WTS is reproducible on TMA in BC molecular classes and the association between Ki67 expression cut-off, assessed on TMAs and WTS, and clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome were tested. METHOD: A large series (n = 707) of primary invasive breast tumours were immunostained for Ki67 using both TMA and WTS and assessed as percentage staining and correlated with each other, clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. In addition, MKI67 mRNA expression was correlated with Ki67 protein levels on WTS and TMAs in a subset of cases included in the METABRIC study. RESULTS: There was moderate concordance in Ki67 expression between WTS and TMA when analysed as a continuous variable (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.61) and low concordance when dichotomised (kappa value = 0.3). TMA showed low levels of Ki67 with mean percentage of expression of 35 and 22% on WTS and TMA, respectively. MKI67 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with protein expression determined on WTS (Spearman Correlation, r = 0.52) and to a lesser extent on TMA (r = 0.34) (p < 0.001). Regarding prediction of patient outcome, statistically significant differences were detected upon stratification of patients with tumours expressing Ki67 at 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30% in TMA. Using TMA, ≥20% Ki67 provided the best prognostic cut-off particularly in triple-negative and HER2-positive classes. CONCLUSION: Ki67 expression in breast cancer can be evaluated using TMA although different cut-points are required to emulate results from WTS. A cut-off of ≥20% for Ki67 expression in BC provides the best prognostic correlations when TMAs are used

Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer

PurposeThe outcome of the luminal oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +) subtype of breast cancer (BC) is highly variable and patient stratification needs to be refined. We assessed the prognostic significance of oestrogen-regulated solute carrier family 39 member 6 (SLC39A6) in BC, with emphasis on ER + tumours.Materials and methodsSLC39A6 mRNA expression and copy number alterations were assessed using the METABRIC cohort (n = 1980). SLC39A6 protein expression was evaluated in a large (n = 670) and annotated series of early-stage (I–III) operable BC using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. The associations between SLC39A6 expression and clinicopathological parameters, patient outcomes and other ER-related markers were evaluated using Chi-square tests and Kaplan–Meier curves.ResultsHigh SLC39A6 mRNA and protein expression was associated with features characteristic of less aggressive tumours in the entire BC cohort and ER + subgroup. SLC39A6 protein expression was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the tumour cells. High SLC39A6 nuclear expression and mRNA levels were positively associated with ER + tumours and expression of ER-related markers, including the progesterone receptor, forkhead box protein A1 and GATA binding protein 3. In the ER + luminal BC, high SLC39A6 expression was independently associated with longer BC-specific survival (BCSS) (P = 0.015, HR 0.678, 95% CI 0.472‒0.972) even in those who did not receive endocrine therapy (P = 0.001, HR 0.701, 95% CI 0.463‒1.062).ConclusionSLC39A6 may be prognostic for a better outcome in ER + luminal BC. Further functional studies to investigate the role of SLC39A6 in ER + luminal BC are warranted

The nucleolar related protein Dyskerin pseudouridine 1 synthase 1 (DKC1) predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer

BackgroundHypertrophy of the nucleolus is a distinctive cytological feature of malignant cells and corresponds to aggressive behaviour. This study aimed to identify the key gene associated with nucleolar prominence (NP) in breast cancer (BC) and determine its prognostic significance.MethodsFrom The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, digital whole slide images identified cancers having NP served as label and an information theory algorithm was applied to find which mRNA gene best explained NP. Dyskerin Pseudouridine Synthase 1 (DKC1) was identified. DKC1 expression was assessed using mRNA data of Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC, n = 1980) and TCGA (n = 855). DKC1 protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in Nottingham BC cohort (n = 943).ResultsNuclear and nucleolar expressions of DKC1 protein were significantly associated with higher tumour grade (p [less than] 0.0001), high nucleolar score (p [less than] 0.001) and poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (p [less than] 0.0001). High DKC1 expression was associated with shorter BC-specific survival (BCSS). In multivariate analysis, DKC1 mRNA and protein expressions were independent risk factors for BCSS (p [less than] 0.01).ConclusionDKC1 expression is strongly correlated with NP and its overexpression in BC is associated with unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics and poor outcome. This has been a detailed example in the correlation of phenotype with genotype

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) expression in breast cancer

Dysregulated cellular metabolism is regarded as one of the hallmarks of cancer with some tumours utilising the glutamine metabolism pathway for their sustained proliferation and survival. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) is a key enzyme in glutaminolysis converting glutamate to α-Ketoglutarate for entry into the TCA cycle. Breast cancer (BC) comprises a heterogeneous group of tumours in terms of molecular biology and clinical behaviour, and we have previously shown that altered glutamine metabolism varies substantially among the different molecular subtypes. We hypothesise that the prognostic value of GLUD1 expression will differ between the BC molecular subtypes and may act as a potential therapeutic target for BC tumours.Methods: GLUD1 was assessed at the DNA, mRNA (n=1,980) and protein (n=1,300) levels in large and well-characterised cohorts and correlated with clinicopathological parameters, molecular subtypes, patient outcome and treatments. Results: There was a correlation between GLUD1 mRNA and GLUD1 protein expression which were highly expressed in low grade Luminal/ER+ BC (