Unsteady flamelet progress variable modeling of reacting diesel jets

Accurate modeling of turbulence/chemistry interactions in turbulent reacting diesel jets is critical to the development of predictive computational tools for diesel engines. The models should be able to predict the transient physical and chemical processes in the jets such as ignition and flame lift-off. In the first part of this work, an existing unsteady flamelet progress variable (UFPV) model is employed in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations and large-eddy simulations (LES) to assess its accuracy. The RANS simulations predict that ignition occurs toward the leading tip of the jet, followed by ignition front propagation toward the stoichiometric surface, and flame propagation upstream along the stoichiometric surface until the flame stabilizes at the lift-off height. The LES, on the other hand, predicts ignition at multiple points in the jet, followed by flame development from the ignition kernels, merger of the different flames and then stabilization. The UFPV model assumes that combustion occurs in thin zones known as flamelets and turbulent strain characterized by the scalar dissipation rate modifies the flame structure. Since the flamelet is thinner than the smallest grid size employed in RANS or LES, the effect of the turbulence is modeled through probability distribution functions of the independent variables. The accuracy of the assumptions of the model is assessed in this work through direct numerical simulations (DNS) which resolves the flame. The DNS is carried out in turbulent mixing layers since the combustion in a diesel jet occurs in the fuel/air mixing layer surrounding the jet. ^ The DNS results show that the flamelet model is applicable but that its implementation in the UFPV model is flawed because the effects of expansion due to heat release and increase in diffusivity due to rise in temperature are not accounted for in the formulation of the scalar dissipation rate. A new diffusivity-corrected flamelet model is proposed which leads to an improved prediction of flame development. Furthermore, it is shown that the most commonly used approach to calculate the scalar dissipation rate in LES of reacting flows leads to large errors when the LES grid size is large. The DNS results are used to determine the best model for the filtered scalar dissipation rate and its PDF under diesel engine conditions. A new model is derived for the variance of the scalar dissipation rate. The DNS results are also used to compare the performance of the UFPV model with the Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) model predictions. It is shown that the UFPV model performance is superior for turbulent intensities and grid sizes encountered in diesel engine application

Studies on the epidemiology and control of rabies

The work described in this dissertation falls into two main parts;Firstly, the epidemiology of rabies in Iowa is discussed in the first three sections. A retrospective study has shown a close association between rabies in skunks and rabies in domestic and other wild animals. Skunks were recognized as the main reservoir hosts to be considered in planning and targeting control measures in all species. The epidemiology of rabies in raccoons was investigated in two geographical locations. In both locations, there was a correlation in this species between the sero-positive rate and age as well as between the sero-positive rate and weight. This is an indication of continuous exposure to the infection throughout the life of the animals. This also was reflected in the difference in the percentage of positive sera between juvenile and adults. The juvenile raccoons have shown a positive rate which is one-third that of the adults. Female raccoons have shown a higher percentage of positive sera than males in general. There were some differences among both weight and age groups in the positive rates in each sex. In Guthrie County, the spring percentage of positive sera was higher than the percentages in summer or the fall. However, in Cerro Gordo County, the spring percentage of positive sera was lower than in summer. The skunks from Cerro Gordo County have shown a lower positive rate in the spring than in the summer. In skunks, the females also showed a higher positive rate than the males. However, a negative correlation between weight and positive rate was detected in the skunks. In both species, the probably time of transmission of the infection was considered to be during over-winter communal denning when the population density were high, and during the early spring breeding season;Secondly, the activity of 3 chemotherapeutics was evaluated against rabies virus in vitro. Amantadine HCl, ribavirin and rifampin were found effective when used in the first 8-12 hr after infection. Also, these drugs were effective when used continuously for 24-36 hr, with ribavirin showing a wider range of active concentrations than amantadine HCl, which in turn showed wider range than rifampin. Amantadine HCl, and rifampin were more toxic to cell cultures at higher concentrations

دور علم النفس اللغوي في تدريس اللغة العربية

AbstractThis research revolves around the role of linguistic psychology in the teaching of the Arabic language The Arabic language is the key to Islamic culture, and the Muslim individual will not be able to establish a true Islamic culture unless the Arab is able to shape his consciousness and his motives and behaviors.  These studies are mainly to serve Islam and to understand the Holy Quran and the Hadith and the psychological in human. In this research, many studies were conducted on the role of language psychology in teaching Arabic to Indonesian students in general and to students of the State Institute for Islamic Studies, Bengkulu in particular. This research follows the descriptive approach as the appropriate method for the nature of research. Key word: Language psychology; Teaching Arabic

The tests of CP and CPT symmetry using the J-PET detector

Symmetries under the parity transformation (P), charge-conjugation (C) and time reversal (T) are of fundamental importance in nuclear and elementary particle physics. Studies of the observables violating the combined CP symmetry constitute precise tests of the Standard Model. However, CP violation was observed to date only for systems involving quarks, raising the importance of searches its manifestations e.g. in purely leptonic systems. The 3\gamma decay of spin-aligned ortho-positronium atoms (o-Ps) can be used to test CP invariance in such a purely leptonic system. The Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomograph (J-PET) detection system enables experimental tests of CP and CPT through measurement of the expectation values of angular correlation operators odd under these transformations and constructed from (i) spin vector of the ortho-positronium atom, (ii) co-planar momentum vectors of photons originating from the decay of the positronium atom, and (iii) linear polarization direction of annihilation photons. Precise experimental symmetry tests with J-PET are possible thanks to a dedicated reconstruction technique of 3$\gamma$ ortho-positronium decays and a positronium production chamber including a highly porous aerogel target, whose setup allows for determining the orthopositronium spin polarization without the use of an external magnetic field

Quality Auditing of Community Pharmacists in Kerala: A Cross Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: Community Pharmacists are main supplies of medicines in developing countries. Pharmacy personnel are approached for medicines and advice on health problems. Quality standards are essential components of community pharmacists as they determine the extent of professionalism and quality of services provided by the pharmacists to patients. AIM OF THE STUDY: To carry out quality auditing of community pharmacists across five districts of Kerala. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To compare the quality of services provided by community pharmacists across 5 districts. To compare job satisfaction among community pharmacists in these five districts. To compare extend of awareness among community pharmacists these five districts. To evaluate and compare patient satisfaction on services rendered by the pharmacists in these districts. METHOD OF THE STUDY: A cross sectional study was carried out for six months , in 75 community pharmacies and 75 patients selected from five districts in Kerala, to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior of pharmacists towards the various aspects of pharmaceutical care. A structured, self-administered and validated questionnaire was provided to the community pharmacists to determine their quality towards setting up and running of retail pharmacy. RESULTS: By performing quality auditing study, 45 pharmacists were awarded with grade C which was satisfactory, 17 pharmacists with grade B which was good and 1 pharmacist with grade at which excellent. Total patient satisfaction was more for pharmacists from Ernakulam district than the other four. Job satisfaction was more for pharmacists from Alappuzha and least for pharmacists from Malappuram (χ2=13.083, df =4, p<0.05, for Malappuram). Total awareness score was significantly higher than patient satisfaction score and job satisfaction score (p<0.001). Total awareness score was higher for Ernakulam district and least for Wayanad. The overall services provided by pharmacists from Ernakulam were more than other four districts. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that overall quality of services provided by the community pharmacists was found to be satisfactory, which necessitated the adoption of measures for improving the professionalism and proper enforcement of rules and regulations by the authority to maintain a professional standard among community pharmacists

Cytogenetic Investigations and Y-Chromosome Microdeletion Screening in some Infertile Kurdish males In Erbil province/ Iraq

لعقم هو مرض يصيب الجهاز التناسلي يُعرف بالفشل في تحقيق الحمل السريري بعد 12 شهرًا أو أكثر من الجماع المنتظم غير المحمي. في جميع أنحاء العالم ، يؤثر العقم على ما يقرب من 15٪ من جميع الأزواج الذين يحاولون الإنجاب. يعد العقم عند الرجال مسؤولاً عن حوالي 50٪ من حالات العقم عامة. تشوهات الكروموسومات وحذف الكروموسوم Y هي الأسباب الجينية الأكثر شيوعًا لعقم الذكور، أذ تعد متلازمة كلاينفيلتر و الحذف الصغير لعامل فقد النطاف على كروموسوم Y من اهمهما. هدف هذه الدراسة هو التحري عن و مدى انتشار كلاً من التشوهات الكروموسومية وعمليات الحذف الدقيقة على كروموسوم Y في 296 رجلاً كرديًا يعانون من العقم في محافظة أربيل ، من بينهم 289 مريضًا يعانون من نقص النطاف (97.6٪) و 7 مرضى يعانون من قلة النطاف الشديدة (2.4٪) و 50 من الرجال الأصحاء كمجموعة مقارنة. وجد ان 29 مريضا (9.8٪) لديهم تشوهات كروموسومية مختلفة. تم العثور على تشوهات الكروموسومات الأكثر شيوعًا في الكروموسومات الجنسية (93.1٪ ؛ 29/27) ، من بين هذه التشوهات 20 مريضًا (69٪) لديهم متلازمة كلاينفيلتر النمط النووي 47,XXY ، 4 مرضى (13.8٪) لديهم نمط 45X0/46, Xder(Y)، كان لدى مريضان نمط XXY t(11;22)(q25;q13)   وكان لدى مريض واحد (3.4٪) نمط متلازمة تيرنر Mosaic Turner 46XY/45X0. تم اكتشاف تشوهات الكروموسومات الجسمية (6.9٪ ؛ 2/29) في مريضين 45 XY rob (13;14) (q10;q10).  تم العثور على الحذف الصغير لكروموسوم Y في 10 من 289 مريضًا يعانون من فقد النطاف (3.5٪) ، ثلاثة منهم (30٪) لديهم حذف دقيق في منطقة AZFc ، 3 منهم (30٪) لديهم حذف دقيق في منطقة AZFb ، كما كان لدى 3 مرضى آخرين الحذف الصغير في كل من المنطقة من  AZFb و  AZFc ، والمريض الأخير (10٪) كان لديه عمليات حذف صغيرة في المنطقة a و b و AZFc, AZFb, AZFa) c). وكشفت هذه الدراسة  ان كلا من تشوهات الكروموسومات و الحذف الصغير لكروموسوم  Yوجد في 3 مرضى.Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Worldwide, infertility affects approximately 15% of all couples trying to conceive. Male infertility is responsible for about 50% of the infertility cases. Chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosome microdeletions are the most common genetic causes of male infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most prevalent factor of the chromosomal abnormality in the infertile male. Azoospermia Factor (AZF) microdeletions located on the Y chromosome are one of the recurrent genetic cause of male infertility. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of chromosomal anomalies and AZF microdeletions in 296 infertile Kurdish men in Erbil province, 289 patients diagnosed as azoospermia (97.6%) and 7 patients as severe oligozoospermia (2.4%) and 50 healthy men as control group. Twenty nine patients (9.8%) had various chromosomal abnormalities. The most common chromosomal abnormalities were found in sex chromosomes (93.1%; 29/27),  among these abnormalities 20 patients (69%) had Klinefelter syndrome 47,XXY karyotype, 4 patients (13.8%) had 45X0/46, Xder(Y), 2 patients (6.9%) had XXY t(11;22)(q25;q13) and 1 patients (3.4%) had Mosaic Turner syndrome 46XY/45X0. The autosomal chromosomal abnormalities (6.9%; 2/29) detected in 2 patients 45, XY, rob (13;14) (q10;q10). Y chromosome microdeletions were found in 10 of 289 patients with azoospermia (3.5%), three of them (30%) had microdeletions in the AZFc region, 3 of them (30%) had microdeletions in the AZFb region, also other 3 patients had microdeletions in the b and c of AZF (AZF b,c) region, and the final one patient (10%) had microdeletions in the all a, b and c (AZF a,b,c) region. Combined Y chromosome microdeletions and chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 3 patients

Evaluation of the possible role of HPV16, CMV and EBV in Cervical Carcinoma progression using In Situ Hybridization technique

Background:   Cervical carcinoma was considered as a major problem and life threaten of women; therefore it is worthy to study the association of Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus co-infection with human papillomavirus type 16 in uterine cervical carcinoma progression. Cervical carcinoma is known closely associated with human papillomavirus. Objective: To identify whether Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus play a co-factors role in the cervical carcinogenesis besides human papillomavirus type 16 infection.            Patients and Methods: Current study included paraffin embedded sections from 50 cases of cervical cancer in Baghdad during the period from 2012 till 2014. They were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus type 16, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA using in situ hybridization technique. Results: This study showed that (33, 66%), (22, 44%) and (38, 76%) out of 50 cervical cancer specimens were positive to human papillomavirus type 16, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus DNAs signals respectively by using in situ hybridization technique. Conclusion: The co-operation effects of CMV and EBV onto HPV16 might progress the oncogenesis of cervical carcinoma in female patients

A Cross Sectional Study of Knowledge and attitudes levels about Polio Vaccination among selected sample of Technical Institute \ AL-Suwaira staff members

Background: The previous laboratory investigations confirmed local polio case was informed on 28th  January 2000 and another two wild polio cases were reported from Resafa \ Baghdad province in 2014. The date of onset of these cases were February and April 2014 and both cases were connected to 2013 of Syria outbreak. Objective:To evaluate the knowledge and attitudes levels towards polio vaccination among staff of Technical Institute - AL-Suwaira. Patients and Methods: A study of cross-sectional design consisted of 170 a selected samples of Technical Institute \ AL-Suwaira staff members. Collected during January 2018.The knowledge and attitudes levels estimated by using typical design of self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the results. Results: Over all, 170 participants reacted to the questionnaire by a response rate of 93.5%. All respondents established a good knowledge and positive attitudes levels to poliovirus vaccination. Mean knowledge score (built on11 knowledge questions) and mean attitude score (built on 10 attitudes statements) of participants about polio vaccine were 14.45±2.38 and 26.5±4.5 respectively. The mainstream of respondents agreed that all children should be taken the polio vaccine (88.2%), and the sterility concerns that associated with polio vaccines (14.1%). Television (n=126, 39%) and Internet (n = 66, 21%) were the main social media sources that used by staff members to educate and modify themselves about polio vaccination.  Knowledge defects were recognized in the management issues and how to dealing with vaccines (45.9%), the incubation period of poliovirus infection (38.8%) and the consequences of the poliovirus infection (56.5%) on the victims. Conclusion: Staff members of Technical Institute \ AL-Suwaira showed a good knowledge and positive attitudes levels about polio vaccination. Even though the statistics are indicative of knowledge gaps of participants, further studies are needed to assess these levels for better education program against polio

Sculptural Formulations Aesthetics for Swords in International Art

إن الصياغة الجمالية للمنحوتات منفتحة التأويل، بقدر تعلقها بمؤثرات وحقول بحثية عدة، كالبيئة والثقافة والمعتقد والدين وغيرها. والسيف في فن النحت –خاصة- ذو أبعاد جمالية مختلفة، ومن ثمّ، ضم البحث أربعة فصول، خصص الفصل الأول منها لبيان مشكلة البحث التي تتلخص في التساؤل الآتي: ما هي جماليات الصياغات النحتية للسيوف في الفن العالمي؟ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; وتأتي أهمية البحث والحاجة إليه مما يمثله السيف الشكل الرمزي المختزل ومكثف المعنى، تخلَد وفقا للأحداث ومواقف الشخوص ومآثرهم التي تغنت بمكانته، وهو ما تجسد في عقائد الشعوب كافة. ويهدف البحث الحالي إلى: (تعرف جماليات الصياغات النحتية للسيوف في الفن العالمي). وتحدد البحث بدراسة (الصياغات الجمالية النحتية لأشكال السيوف في الفن العالمي). ضمن المدة الزمنية المحددة(1430-1554). أما الفصل الثاني فخصص للإطار النظري، واحتوى على مبحثين، الأول: (تقصي مفهوم الجمال). والثاني: (تمثلات أشكال السيوف في الفن الحديث). وتضمن الفصل الثالث (إجراءات البحث)، بتحديد مجتمع البحث من السيوف التي احتوتها متاحف (إيطاليا) وتحليل ثلاثة عيّنات لنماذج نحتية. وتحدد منهج البحث (المنهج الوصفي)، واحتوى الفصل الرابع على (النتائج والاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات)، ومن النتائج ما يأتي: كشفت نماذج العينة، عن تنوع في أشكال السيوف وهيئتها،&nbsp; فشكل السيف في النماذج(1،2) هو مستقيم وذو حدين، أما النموذج (3) فمقوّس وذو حدين. ومن أهم الاستنتاجات ما يأتي: للمكان (متاحف إيطاليا، ومنها متحف بارجللو/ فلورنسا) عامل أساسي له أثر مهيمن بخصوصية رؤية الجمال وتذوقه ونشر الثقافة والقيم في عصر النهضة خاصة. وأعقبها التوصيات والمقترحات وقائمة المصادر. &nbsp;The aesthetic formulation of the sculptures is open to interpretation, as far as it relates to several research influences and fields, such as the environment, culture, belief, religion, and others. And that the sword in the art of sculpture - in particular - has different aesthetic dimensions. Accordingly, the research included four chapters, the first chapter of which was devoted to stating the research problem, which is summarized in the following question: What are the aesthetics of sculptural formulations of swords in international art? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The importance of research and the need for it stems from what the sword represents as a symbolic form that is abbreviated and intensified in meaning, immortalized according to the positions, events and exploits of the people who glorified its status, which is embodied in the beliefs of all peoples. The current research aims to: (know the aesthetics of the sculptural formulations of swords in international art). The research was determined by studying (the sculptural aesthetic formulations of the forms of swords in international art). Within the specified time period 1430-1554). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As for the second chapter, it was devoted to the theoretical framework, and it contained two sections, the first (investigating the concept of beauty). The second (representations of sword shapes in modern art). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The third chapter included (research procedures)، and the research community was identified from the swords contained in the museums (Italy) and the sample models were analyzed (3) sculptural models. The research methodology (descriptive method) was defined, and the fourth chapter contained (results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals), and the most important results are; The samples of the sample revealed a variety in the shapes and appearance of the swords، as the shape of the sword in models (1, 2) is straight and two-edged, while model (3) is curved and two-edged. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Among the most important conclusions; The place (the museums of Italy, including the Bargello Museum / Florence) was a major factor that had a dominant role in seeing and tasting beauty and spreading culture and values in the Renaissance era in particular. It was followed by recommendations, proposals and a list of sources

Praziquantel coverage in schools and communities targeted for the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional survey

© 2015 Knopp et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The attached file is the published version of the article