VLSI implementation of huffman design using FPGA with a comprehensive analysis of power restrictions

Lossless compression is important in Information hypothesis as well as today's IT field. Lossless design of Huffman is most to a large degree used in the compression arena. However, Huffman coding has some limitations where it depends on the stream of symbols appearing in a file. In fact, Huffman coding creates a code with very few bits for a symbol that has a very high probability of occurrence and an utmost number of bits for a symbol with a low probability of occurrence. In this work Hardware implementation of static Huffman coding for data compression using has been designed, this hardware contains both encoder and decoder-based hardware. The proposed systems Altera DE-2 Board have been used in order to implement the text data compression. The experiments with a simulated environment and the real-time implementation for FPGA with Synopsys power analysis show that constraint has been fulfilled and the target design of the buffer length is appropriate. Power consumption that achieved by the proposed algorithm was 0.0161 mW with frequency 20MHz.and 0.1426 mW with frequency 180MHz within the design limitations. The proposed design is implemented by using ASIC and FPGA design methodologies. In order to implement the encoder and decoder architectures, 130 nm standard cell libraries was used for ASIC implementation. The simulations are carried out by using Modelsim tool. The architecture of compression and decompression algorithm design has been created using Verilog HDL language. Quartus II 11.1 Web Edition (32-Bit). In addition, simulated using ModelSim-Altera 10.0c (Quartus II 11.1) Starter Edition. And it is implemented using Altera FPGA (DE2) for real time implementation

Level of Psychosocial Problems among Children in a Refugee Camp in Kirkuk City

AbstractObjective of the study: The purpose of this study is to identify the demographic characteristics and to find out the level of psychosocial problems among refugee children as well as, the relationships between some demographical factors and psychosocial problems among children in Yahyawah refugee camp in city of Kirkuk.Methodology: A descriptive study was designed from September 1stand up to November 15th 2015. A non-probability purposive sample of 60 children with age ranged from four to twelve year, who displaced and lives with their families in Laylan, Yahyawah refugee camp in the city of Kirkuk participated in the current study. A designed questionnaire was used for the study. This questionnaire is a modified version of pediatric symptoms checklist (PSC) and it consists of two parts, a basic demographic characteristics and secondly, a part forms the inventory. The inventory comprised of 38 items organized into five subcategories. Three choices were for each item. The total score of the inventory was ranged from 38 to 114. The data was collected through interview with one of the parents. The data analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis (Frequency, Percentage %) and inferential statistics.Result: The results found that) 53.3%) of the study sample were male and (40%) of them aged from (10-12 years) old. The psychosocial assessment showed that from (38) items, there was (35) items reported low level assessment concerning psycho – social aspect for children.A highly significant association (p<0.007) found among child’s psychosocial problem and monthly income of the family.Conclusion: the study concluded that socio-economic status has a great effect on the psychological status of the children in refugee camps.Recommendation: Refugee camps need to be observed directly by the government in addition to the civil society organizations and provide these camps with suitable requirements and specific care particularly for children's, so they can grow in healthy environment.Key Word: Psychosocial problems, Children, Refugee Camp

CMOS technology for increasing efficiency of clock gating techniques using tri-state buffer

Clock gating is an effective technique of decreasing dynamic power dissipation in synchronous design. One of the methods used to realize this goal is to mask the clock which goes to the unnecessary to use in specific time. This paper will present a comparative analysis of this clock gating technique in an 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The new clock gating method provides a solution to the problems in the existing techniques. The new proposed clock gating technique generating circuit uses tri-state buffer in a negative latch design, instead of OR gate logic. With the same function being performed, this circuit saves more power and reduces area used, irrespective of design performance. The minimum power gain realized 6.4 % percentage in total power consumption by executing 20 MHz frequency. It also used a 0.9 % occupation area. The proposed method was implemented by using ASIC design methodology, and 130 nm standard cell technology libraries were used for ASIC implementation. Furthermore, the architecture of the ALU was created using Verilog HDL language (32-Bit Quartus II 11.1 Web Edition). The simulation was carried out by using the Model Sim-Altera 10.0c (Quartus II 11.1 Starter Edition). Finally, the design will reduce complexity in hardware and similar clock power

Levels of Psychosocial Problems of Children Attending outpatient Clinics of the Paediatric Hospitals in the City of Baghdad

AbstractObjective: The purpose of the study is to find out the levels of psychosocial problems in a sample of out-patient children attending the paediatric hospitals in Baghdad city at the time of this study.Methodology: A descriptive study design was achieved from Aug. 21ist through Nov. 10th 2013. A non-probability accidental sample of 138 children with age ranged from six to twelve year and more, who attended with their parent in one of the outpatient departments of paediatric hospitals in Baghdad city, participated in this study. A designed questionnaire was used for the study. This questionnaire is a modified version of Paediatric Symptoms Checklist (PSC) and it consists of two parts; a basic demographic characteristics which includes the information about the child: age, gender, class and number of children in the family; information about the parents such as age, level of education and occupation and secondly, a part forms the inventory. The inventory comprised of 38 items organised into five subcategories. Four choices were for each item. The total score of the inventory was ranged from zero to 114.Results: One hundred and thirty eight questionnaires were completed. 56.5% of sample is male, 29.7% of the pupils are in fifth class, and 56.5% are of families having 4 to 6 child. Half of the fathers are of four decade old while more than half of the mothers are of three decade old; and 41.3% of parents and 54.3% of mothers have primary school. The severity of psychosocial problems of the participants ranged from mild (38.4%, n: 53); moderate (31.9%, n: 44); and severe (29.7%, n: 41). The study found that the higher severity of the child's psychosocial problems was significantly correlated with older age of their parents.Conclusions: The present study revealed that more than half of children are male; and also more than half of the families have four children and more; less than half of fathers and more than half of mothers have primary school level of education; half of the fathers are from fourth decade and more than half of mothers are from third decade; the study indicated that more than half of children have level of psychosocial problems ranged between moderate toKUFA JOURNAL FOR NURSING SCIENCES Vol. 6 No. 3 Sep. through Dec. 2016050severe. Finally, the results indicated that the older the parents are the severer levels of psychosocial problems have their children.Recommendation: The study recommends that the psychosocial health should be considered as target and important aspect for such study as a part of child health service; suggest an educational program for the importance of psychosocial health, in hospitals, out-patients clinics, and non-governmental organizations in order to increase people's level of understanding regarding psychosocial health as well as preventing child's distress; and conduct further studies to provide critical information concerning factors that influence child's psychosocial health, with more concerns about other unstudied factors.Keywords: psychosocial, children, out-patient, paediatric, Baghdad city

Low power text compression using Huffman coding with power management controller

Data compression with low power dissipation is a useful technique in digital systems because it reduces data size with the smallest power consumed to overcome the design limitations. Huffman lossless compression is an important technique in information theory as well as in today‘s IT field. Reducing data size is the most important goal for Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design and power consumption is one of important issues which restrict the design performance. Therefore, reducing data size and embedding a Power Management Controller (PMC) in a synchronous system is a suitable technique for this problem. Using PMC to control the system to operate in fast and slow modes leads to low power dissipation. This work focused on the design of high performance Huffman compression with low power technique for all English text. Huffman tree is generated by sorting data according to their frequencies and traversing the tree to extract codeword bits for each character. Verilog HDL language used for writing Huffman codes and ModelSim tool was used for simulating the functionality of Huffman. In addition, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) was used to verify the functionality of Huffman. 8 green LEDs on the FPGA board were used as ASCII input for Huffman encoder, while the first 9 red LEDs on the board were utilized as output of the encoder. The process is reversed in the decoder implementation. A new sub module named PMC was created using clock gating and frequency scaling to improve power consumption in flexible design. Furthermore, Synopsys power compiler with 130nm technology library was used for power analysis. In this study, data size was reduced to 47.95% after compression process when compared with original data size. Moreover, with using PMC, power consumption was reduced up to 52.52% when compared with Huffman without using PMC

Towards a better understanding of the psychosocial determinants associated with adults' use of smokeless tobacco in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia:a qualitative study

BACKGROUND: Most diagnosed oral cancer cases in Saudi Arabia are in the Jazan region. A common type of smokeless tobacco "Shammah" is prevalent in this region. This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the possible psychosocial determinants of Shammah consumption among adult Shammah users in Jazan region. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted by means of one-on-one interviews among thirty adult Shammah users. Participants were recruited by means of a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide utilizing face-to-face and phone-call interviews. Thematic analysis with hybrid approach was used to analyze the dataset. RESULTS: Twenty-four sub-codes within four overarching themes were generated. Participants revealed uncertainty related to Shammah composition, how to quit knowledge and Shammah prevention/cessation programs. Shammah use identified as a normal phenomenon in society. Its use was frequently reported in participants’ close network but most users faced family and peers’ disapproval. Some users expressed joy, happiness and focused when using Shammah. Others were disgusted or neutral. Many users believed Shammah causes cancer and tears oral tissues. Others believed it relieves toothache or has no effect. Majority of users were confident to quit and recalled some quitting aids. Toothache, craving, drinking tea and chewing Khat (leaves of Catha edulis plant that causes moderate euphoria) perceived to be triggers to use Shammah. Availability of Shammah, withdrawal symptoms, stress, lack of support, seeing others using Shammah, losing part of routine and toothache were barriers to quit. CONCLUSIONS: Shammah use was associated with uncertainty about Shammah composition and quitting knowledge, social acceptability, influence from family/friends, a range of positive and negative attitudinal beliefs toward its use and high quitting efficacy beliefs. Future interventions targeting Shammah should address the acknowledged triggers and barriers in the present study including the dual use of Shammah and Khat. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13120-0

Evaporation kinetics and quality attributes of grape juice concentrate as affected by microwave and vacuum processing

ABSTRACTIn this study, grape juice was concentrated through a microwave vacuum-assisted technique. The concentrate was prepared at different powers (30, 50, 80 W) and vacuum pressures (35, 50, 70 kPa) for different time intervals to optimize the processing conditions. The highest evaporation rate (5.32 g/100 g min) and the lowest moisture ratio (0.18) were observed at a higher level of microwave power (80 W) and vacuum pressure (70 kPa). Moreover, different mechanistic models were used to predict the values of the moisture ratio. Among them, the Midilli (R2 = 0.999, SSE = 1.970 × 10−8, RPD = 0.012%) model best fits the experimental values. The effective diffusivity (1.69 × 10−14 m2/s), activation energy (1.56 W/kg), and extraction yield (69.30%) possessed maximum values at 80 W and 70 KPa. While concentrate had exhibited higher antioxidant activities (77.2%) than fresh juice (25.28%) at 30 W. Overall results indicated that the microwave-vacuum technique had significantly reduced the processing time and energy requirement