Unraveling the Dynamics of Budget Deficit Determinants in Afghanistan

Across various nations, including Afghanistan, the government plays a pivotal role in coordinating a multitude of national activities, spanning critical sectors like infrastructure, education, and healthcare. The responsibility for executing extensive construction projects and providing essential medical and educational services rests squarely on the shoulders of the government. Meeting these obligations demands a substantial budget allocation. However, challenges can emerge, potentially leading to a budget deficit. Such shortfalls might arise due to a failure to achieve projected revenues, escalated expenditures, or a combination of both. This article endeavors to deeply examine the intricate interplay of diverse factors that contribute to such fiscal gaps, with a specific focus on Afghanistan. The central inquiry revolves around comprehending and delineating the complex relationships among key variables, notably subsidies, inflation rates, tax revenues, income from natural resources, government expenditures, economic growth trajectories, instances of conflict, electoral processes, unemployment rates, and demographic trends. The rationale for singling out and scrutinizing these particular variables draws from a fusion of economic theories, including the Keynesian framework, optimal finance theory, random loan theory, and general choice theory. In this current study, the concept of a budget deficit assumes the role of the dependent variable within the analytical model. It is operationally defined as the disparity between the government\u27s overall expenditures and its generated revenues. Through a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted connections among the aforementioned variables, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics that influence the equilibrium of budgets and the fiscal stability within government operations. To assess the impact of these factors, the period from 2014 to 2023 underwent rigorous statistical analysis. Utilizing the ordinary least squares method, we aimed to scrutinize how these variables interacted with the budget deficit. The findings from this comprehensive study unveil a noteworthy pattern: revenues from natural resources and taxes, in conjunction with economic growth, exhibit an adverse correlation with the budget deficit. Conversely, government subsidies and general expenditures display a tendency to elevate the budget deficit within the government\u27s fiscal framework

Compliance Requirement for Dealing with Risks, Governance and IT Compliance

The common approaches for a compliance requirement are to manage and identify the risks that an organization faces and advise them on. This paper examined and analyzed the best ways for businesses to adapt and enhance different effective compliance regulations and the key issues that must be enforced by businesses. These approaches help the organizations identify the simplest ways of compliance guidelines for organizations in order to manage and govern the risks.  Due to a massive revolution of technology it is important to notice the IT compliance. Our findings show that IT compliance adaption will help the organizations to better manage the risks and to reduce the cost of the compliance procedure

Potatoes Storage, Price Spread through Various Channels and Marketing Efficiency in Parwan Province, Afghanistan

This research paper examined the factors influenced farmers\u27 immediate selling of potatoes after harvest and their storage practices, various factors and limitations affected their selling and storage capacity has been identified and the ground conditions as realistic discussed as well as the price spread and marketing efficiency in the three districts Siyagard, Ghorband, and Shinwari of Parwan province, Afghanistan. The study conducted revealed that farmers primarily sold potatoes to pay for household expenses 57.50 percent and finance agricultural inputs 55.00 percent. Moreover, sold for loan repayment 45.00 percent and limited storage space 52.50 percent play significant roles in immediate selling decisions. The study also showed that farmers stored potatoes for various reasons, such as personal consumption 23.3 percent, anticipating higher prices 24.20 percent, meeting off-season demand 23.3 percent, and exploiting competitive prices 23.3 percent. The study provide insights into the price spread in different market channels, indicating varying profit margins for farmers and intermediaries. Finally, the study highlighted the marketing efficiency under different channels, with Channel III showed the highest efficiency 47 percent in direct distribution, followed by Channel II 32 percent and Channel I 29 percent. These findings highlight the complexities of potato marketing in the Parwan province, Afghanistan which can help policymakers to develop a sustainable approach to inform strategies to improve farmers\u27 income and market efficiency

Impact of Work-Life Conflict on Employee Performance: A Study of Kabul Afghanistan

In today\u27s developing world, the matter of work-life conflict and its impact on employee performance was the focal point of organizational behavioral researchers for decades. Each individual engaged in a struggle to uphold their rights and aimed to attain a reputable position to enhance their living standards for a more comfortable life. The efforts exerted by employees to earn a livelihood were not solely for personal success but also for the betterment of their family life and safety. This study investigated the work-life conflict and its impact on employee performance in the cultural context of Afghanistan. Open-ended questionnaires were used as a technique for data collection from survey respondents who lived and worked in non-government organizations in Kabul, Afghanistan. Kabul was chosen as the survey location due to its status as the capital and largest population city in Afghanistan. The aim was to explore the work-life matters of Kabul\u27s inhabitants and understand their impact on the workforce in various non-government organizations in the city. A qualitative research method was employed, utilizing both primary and secondary approaches for data and information collection. Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaires. The research provided sufficient information about work-life conflicts and their impact on employee performance, contributing to changes in skills and attitudes. Non-government organizations in Afghanistan actively sought to enhance flexibility and openness for all individuals, including stakeholders, managers, subordinates, and clients. Both non-government and private organizations in Afghanistan focused on furthering improvements and progress for their employees

The Kabul Dog Project

The Mayhew, a London-based animal charity, started its Kabul dog management project in 2015 by conducting a survey of the dog population over February and March of 2015. It was estimated that there were 9,625 observable street dogs in these surveyed districts which translated to a total of around 27,000 street dogs in the city. The survey was followed by an intensive rabies vaccination program

Catalytic behavior of tris(2,2 '-bipyridine)iron(II) complex in chemiluminescence reaction of luminol in reversed micellar medium of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complex of iron(II) was found to cause an increase in the chemiluminescence (CL) emission of luminol dispersed in the reversed micellar medium of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in 1:1 (v/v) dichloromethane-cyclohexane/water, when the iron(II) complex in dichloromethane was mixed directly with the reversed micellar solution containing luminol. Visible absorption measurements showed that, when dispersed in the CTAC reversed micellar medium, the iron(II) complex dissociates easily. In the reverse micelle, subsequently the free iron(II) ion produced may catalyze the CL oxidation of luminol even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. The CL emission produced under the optimized experimental conditions was detectable at a minimum iron(II) concentration of 1.0 × 10-9 M using a flow injection system