Optimization of shape and direction of the greenhouse using gray wolf algorithm

Greenhouse structure is one of the most important factors in the greenhouse industry; increasing energy prices is a major challenge for greenhouse owners. Greenhouses should be so designed that they have high light transmission especially in winter and at the same time satisfy the requirements of the construction cost and the safety against the loads which may be imposed upon them. In this research, the goal is to optimize the shape and direction of the greenhouse to minimize the energy required for heating. The design parameters in this work are determined for two different types of greenhouses with the target functions, with the gray wolf optimization method. Optimization of energy consumption for different models of greenhouse and different materials was performed using gray wolf algorithm. Accordingly, in each case, the best design parameters and greenhouse model were obtained and energy consumption was calculated in summer and winter. At the end of the study, the gray wolf algorithm was compared with the particle swarm algorithm, which indicated that the gray wolf algorithm was powerful

Factors affecting energy consumption and productivity in greenhouses

Aim of study: To investigate the impact factors affecting the greenhouse environment on energy consumption and productivity.Area of study: Alborz province of Iran during the period 2018–2020.Material and methods: In this study, 18 active units of greenhouse owners in Alborz province of Iran that had necessary standards were identified. Then, upper and lower amplitudes of the variables affecting productivity and energy consumption in greenhouses were calculated using a type-2 fuzzy neural network, Matlab 2017 software. Area, temperature, energy exchange, environmental evapotranspiration and relative humidity were studied as indicators.Main results: With each unit of temperature, energy consumption and productivity increased by 0.737% and 0.741%, respectively; with each unit of energy exchange, they increased by 0.813% and 0.696%, respectively; with each unit of evaporation and transpiration of the environment, they increased by 0.593% and 0.869%, respectively; and with each unit of humidity, they increased by 0.398% and 0.509%, respectively.Research highlights: The factors affecting the greenhouse environment such as area, temperature, evapotranspiration and relative humidity had a significant effect on productivity in studying greenhouses and therefore increasing their productivity. According to the results, the model’s ability in energy consumption was better than that for energy efficiency prediction. Also, greenhouse ranking was done by FAHP method

Ohmic processing of liquid whole egg, white egg and yolk

The Ohmic heating rate of a food is highly influenced by its electrical conductivity. In this study, electricalconductivities, colour changes and system performance of liquid whole egg, white egg and yolk were determined on alaboratory scale static Ohmic heater by applying 30 V/cm voltage gradient. The samples were heated from room temperaturethrough to pasteurization temperature (19 – 60℃). In all cases, the linear temperature dependent electrical conductivityrelations were obtained. Conductivity measurements of liquid egg indicated that white egg is highly conductive compared toyolk and whole egg. The system performance coefficients for liquid egg samples were in the range of 0.814 to 0.857. Ohmicheating revealed better colour values from the values of heated samples for convectional heating.Keywords: egg, Ohmic heating, electrical conductivity, colou

Formal and Content connections of Surah in the Same Group (Case Study of Surah Musabbahat, Parts 27 and 28 of the Holy Quran)

One of the new theories in respect of communication and appropriateness between the surah is the plan of communication between the surah of the same group of the Quran. The grouping of surah means that some surah of the Holy Quran has a logical, orderly and related course in terms of content as well as form; in such a way that perhaps the goals of the surah of the same group can be considered as common in general. The basis of grouping the surah of the Holy Quran is a common beginning. In the present study, a new dimension of the structural miracle and order of the Holy Quran has been dealt with and the promotion of proving the order of the Quran has been suggested from the focus of the verse to the focus of the surah. In this way, due to the limited volume, the surah of the same group of Musabbahat, parts 27 and 28 of the Holy Quran (beginning with the glorification of God) have been examined. The results of this research, which have been obtained by using a descriptive-analytical method, show that the surah of Musabbahat in the selected components have common or close content and semantic relations or general relations and examples are coherent subject matter, verbal connections such as the use of common words, etc., which strengthen the group theory of the surah of the Holy Quran. Such researches, in order to introduce new dimensions of the structural miracle of the Quran, provide new perspectives on the subject of Surahology for thinkers, each of which may need more in-depth and accurate studies

Investigation of microwave dryer effect on energy efficiency during drying of apple slices

Characteristics of thin layer microwave drying of apple were evaluated in a laboratory scale microwave dryer at 2450 MHz. The drying experiments were carried out at 200, 400 and 600 W. The experimental data were fitted to nine drying models. The models were compared using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and reduced chi-square (χ2). The Midilli et al. model best described the drying curve of apple slices. The effective moisture diffusivity was determined by using Fick’s second law and was observed to lie between 3.93 × 10−7 and 2.27 × 10−6 m2/s for the apple samples. The microwave power dependence of the effective diffusivity coefficient followed an Arrhenius-type relationship. The activation energy for the moisture diffusion was determined to be 12.15 W/g. The highest energy efficiency was recorded for the samples dried at 600 W as 54.34% and lowest at 200 W as 17.42%

Morphological and Molecular Survey of Naegleria spp. in Water Bodies Used for Recreational Purposes in Rasht city, Northern Iran

Background: Naegleria spp. is a free-living amoeba of which some species includ­ing N. fowleri and N. australeinsis are highly pathogenic in human and ani­mals. These widespread amoebae could be found in different environmental sources particularly in aquatic resources of tropical and subtropical regions. The most important source of infection is via recreational water contact. Due to the lack of thorough research regarding species of Naegleria spp. in aquatic sources, the present study was conducted. Methods: In the present study, 60 samples were collected from recreational wa­ter resources of Rasht city, Guilan province, north of Iran. After filtering and culturing the samples, plates were examined by microscopic method and accord­ing to the page criteria. DNA of vahlkampfiid-positive samples were then ex­tracted using phe­nol-chlorophorm method. Amoebae genus was identified by targeting the ITS-region and sequencing based-approaches. Results: Nine (15%) samples out of a 60 total samples were positive for Naegleria spp. of which seven belonged to potentially pathogenic N. australiensis. Two other strains were belonged to non-pathogenic N. pagei. Conclusion: The present research was the first report of occurrence of N. aus­traliensis and N. pagei in Rasht city, north Iran. This study reflects the occurrence of Naegleria spp. in water sources of Guilan Province, Iran