Serum Anti-Hbs-Ag in Stable Hemodialysis Patients and its Relationship with Various Demographic and Biochemical Data

Introduction: To evaluate the relationship between various biochemical, nutritional and demographic factors with immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. Material and Methods: A retro-prospective study was carried out on 68 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis .Patients were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus with an intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination schedule, 40 micrograms at 0, 1, and 6 months. We also selected 32 age matched normal healthy persons who had vaccinated against hepatitis B previously to compare the antibody production with HD patients. Results: The value of serum antibody level against hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBs) in hemodialisis patients and healthy persons were 35±55(median=5.5) and 135±71 (median=175) mIU/ml respectively. There was a significant deference between mean serum antibody level against HBs antigen of hemodialysis patients and normal subjects (p<0.001), there were not any significant differences of antibody production against HBs antigen between males and females or diabetic and non diabetics. There were no correlation between serum antibody level against HBs-Ag and serum albumin and also with body mass index. There were not significant correlation between anti-HBs antibody level and age, amounts of hemodialysis, duration of dialysis, dialysis adequacy, serum ferritin level and serum lipids. There were not also significant correlation between anti-HBs antibody level and serum parathormone, calcium, phosphorus, serum hemoglobin and hematocrit level. Conclusion: In this study, there was not significant correlation between serum antibody level against hepatitis B surface antigen and various nutritional and demographic factors of patients under regular hemodialysis

An update on Helicobacter pylori infection in renal failure patients

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative spiral rod bacterium which inhabits gastric mucosa and attaches to the gastric epithelium using specific receptor. H. pylori infection endures as one of the most challenging diseases triggering high mortality and morbidity. H. pylori infection is reported as the cause of gastric cancer, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and other gastrointestinal disorders. It was suggested that long-term H. pylori infection may aggravate chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Patients with chronic renal failure often possess gastrointestinal symptoms including decline of gastrointestinal motility, amyloid protein deposition and decreased sensory disturbance. Hence, in patients with chronic renal failure, the nutrition status is pour which usually leads to the development of malnutrition. This status will increase the morbidity and mortality of these patients. These patients in comparison to individuals with normal renal function usually have higher risks of gastric mucosal damage due to hypergastrinemia, enhanced inflammation, local chronic circulatory failure and high level of ammonia. Majority of these patients (25%– 75%) usually suffer from gastrointestinal complications such as gastric erosions, gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers and angiodysplasia. The aim of the present study was to review the relation between one of the most challenging diseases, called H. pylori infection, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), diabetic and chronic hemodialysis individuals as well as presenting the treatment strategies of this infection

Growth Disorders Among 6-Year-Old Iranian Children

Background: Sociodemographic factors are important determinants of weight disorders. National representative studies provide a view on this health problem at national and regional levels. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the distribution of growth disorders in terms of body mass index (BMI) and height in 6-year-old Iranian children using geographical information system (GIS). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were examined in a mandatory national screening program in 2009. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity, and short stature. Then, ArcGIS software was used to draw the figures. Results: The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.5% urban). Overall, 20% of children were underweight, and 14.3% had high BMI, consisted of 10.9% overweight and 3.4% obese. The corresponding figure for short stature was 6.6%; however, these growth disorders were not equally distributed across various provinces. Conclusions: Our results confirmed unequal distribution of BMI and height of 6-year-old children in Iran generally and in most of its provinces particularly. The differences among provinces cannot be fully explained by the socioeconomic pattern. These findings necessitate a comprehensive national policy with provincial evidence-based programs

Pharmacy Students' Self-Identified Interests in a Hospital Pharmacy Internship Course in Iran

Introduction: After revision of pharmacy curriculum by, Iranian Health and Education Ministry reviewed in 2005, it was decided that pharmacy students need extra internship courses such as hospital internship course. Hospital internship course could provide students with the opportunity to acquire the knowledge and master the skills required for current pharmacy practices in community and hospital setting. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze pharmacy students’ experiences during hospital internship. Methods: Each student attended in 3 wards and provided a logbook for each ward. Students were asked to document at least one topic interesting for them on each day. The collected information was divided into sections and analyzed using SPSS ver 14. Results: Seventeen students enrolled in the course. Endocrinology and nephrology wards had the highest and neurology the lowest number of attended students. Seven hundred and one reported learning subjects were divided into 24 areas. The highest numbers of reported topics were the drugs indications, adverse drug reactions and diagnosis of diseases while the lowest number was pretreatment laboratory tests, pharmacoeconomy, counseling medical staffs and off label use of medications. Gastroenterology and endocrinology wards with 210 reports had the highest and neurology ward with 12 had the lowest number of reports. Conclusion: Completing the logbooks was an encouragement for students to seek and document and learn new topics and also a major feature of the clinical assessment scheme of the course. The majority of the reported topics were learning objectives but not the interventional ones. The present study showed us some areas of pharmacy education which need further attention

Aggressive jaw brown tumor in a 28-year-old man with long-lasted chronic kidney disease

Brown tumors are bony lesions triggered by rapid osteoclastic activity, which rarely involved jaws (1-3). In fact brown tumors or osteoclastomas are erosive bony lesions appearing as a complication of hyperparathyroidism. Renal osteodystrophy is the result of secondary hyperparathyroidism and is associated with various pathogenetic mechanisms, such as disorder of calcium-phosphate metabolism, increased parathyroid activity that lead to extreme concentrations of parathormone and impaired metabolism of vitamin D (1-7). We

Estudios petrográficos e esotópicos en el área de Kamoo, Noreste de Isfahan, Irán

The study area is located 5.5 km north-east of Kamo County and 30 km north-east of Meymeh, Isfahan. Kamo Index comprises an anticline with a northwest-southeast trend, the outcrop of which consists of siltstone-sandstone and Jurassic shale rocks that lie along a cretaceous unit. Based on field studies as well as petrographic and geochemical investigations, mineral assemblages and minerals in the area include chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite as primary ores and malachite, bornite, covellite, chalcocite, hematite, goethite, and hydrous iron oxides as secondary ores. The secondary ores have been formed by oxidation and biogenic processes. The primary textures are granular, disseminated, vein-shaped, and layered and the secondary textures are boxed and martitized, shear zones, replacements, and veins. Tectonic, metamorphic, and oxidation factors are involved in the formation of these textures. Due to tectonic activity in this area and the presence of faults, replacement, vein, and shear textures, which have developed after mineralization, are observed. Among alterations, hematite, propylitic, sericitic, limonitic, and kaolinitic are highly prevalent and they are important in the formation of iron deposits. The sub-alkaline granitoids of the region are related to the continental subduction-zone orogenic series. Studies on the decomposed iron samples from Kamo show that most of the samples are in the sub-alkaline series and the chemical and mineralogical composition of the magma derived from this series is calc-alkaline with a large amount of iron. According to mineralogical, lithological, and geochemical evidence and based on isotopic results, Kamo deposit is a skarn-type deposit.El área de estudio está ubicada a 5.5 km al noreste del condado de Kamo y a 30 km al noreste de Meymeh, Isfahan. El índice de Kamo comprende un anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste, cuyo afloramiento consiste en arenisca-arenisca y rocas de esquisto jurásico que se encuentran a lo largo de una unidad cretácea. Con base en estudios de campo, así como en investigaciones petrográficas y geoquímicas, los ensambles minerales y minerales en el área incluyen calcopirita, pirita, marcasita y magnetita como minerales primarios y malaquita, bornita, covenita, calcocita, hematita, goetita y óxidos de hierro hidratados como secundarios. Minerales Los minerales secundarios se han formado por oxidación y procesos biogénicos. Las texturas primarias son granulares, diseminadas, en forma de vena y en capas, y las texturas secundarias son en caja y martitizadas, zonas de cizallamiento, reemplazos y vetas. Los factores tectónicos, metamórficos y de oxidación están involucrados en la formación de estas texturas. Debido a la actividad tectónica en esta área y la presencia de fallas, se observan texturas de reemplazo, vetas y corte, que se han desarrollado después de la mineralización. Entre las alteraciones, hematita, propilítico, sericítico, limonítico y caolinítico son altamente prevalentes y son importantes en la formación de depósitos de hierro. Los granitoides subalcalinos de la región están relacionados con la serie orogénica continental de la zona de subducción. Los estudios sobre las muestras de hierro descompuesto de Kamo muestran que la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran en la serie subalcalina y la composición química y mineralógica del magma derivada de esta serie es alcalina con una gran cantidad de hierro. De acuerdo con la evidencia mineralógica, litológica y geoquímica y con base en los resultados isotópicos, el depósito de Kamo es un depósito tipo skarn

Examen de alteración y zonas metasomáticas basadas en la configuración tectónica de la región Kamoo (noreste de Isfahán, Irán)

Kamoo region (northeast of Isfahan) has an anticline structure with a northwest-southeast trend. The exposed part of this anticline consists of siltstone-sandstone and Jurassic shale, which is located below the Cretaceous formation as an unconformity. Penetration by magmatic masses (dikes) and mineralization events are mainly related to fault systems and fractures in the region and follow the trend of the anticline. In addition, the intensity and variety of alterations are affected by tectonic factors, with alteration and metasomatic haloes having developed next to crushed areas. The alteration process is the main controller of mineral mass grade in the study area; therefore, iron grade in the Kamoo ore has increased by the effects of alteration. The alteration effects include propylitic haloes, iron hydroxides (limonite), and clay mineralization (argillic). The host rock consists of Jurassic shales with siltstone, sandstone, and Cretaceous limestone. Calcareous formations adjacent to granodiorite masses are the main hosts of iron skarns. The results of this study showed that the mineral samples from Kamoo were relatively rich in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs); the average La/Yb ratio is about 18.61 and Eu anomaly is between 0.52 and 1.94. Based on the findings of this study, the origin for Kamoo skarn was consistent with the model presented by Meinert, and the region’s mineralization and alteration characteristics correspond to the conditions prevailing in oceanic subduction and back-arc basin environments.La región de Kamoo (noreste de Isfahan) tiene una estructura anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste. La parte expuesta de este anticlinal consiste en arenisca-arenisca y lutita jurásica, que se encuentra debajo de la formación del Cretácico como una disconformidad. La penetración por masas magmáticas (diques) y los eventos de mineralización están relacionados principalmente con sistemas de fallas y fracturas en la región y siguen la tendencia del anticlinal. Además, la intensidad y la variedad de las alteraciones se ven afectadas por factores tectónicos, con la alteración y los halos metasomáticos que se han desarrollado junto a las áreas trituradas. El proceso de alteración es el controlador principal del grado de masa mineral en el área de estudio; por lo tanto, el grado de hierro en el mineral de Kamoo ha aumentado por los efectos de la alteración. Los efectos de alteración incluyen halos propilíticos, hidróxidos de hierro (limonita) y mineralización de arcilla (argílica). La roca huésped consiste en lutitas jurásicas con limolita, arenisca y caliza cretácea. Las formaciones calcáreas adyacentes a las masas de granodiorita son los principales anfitriones de los skarns de hierro. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que las muestras minerales de Kamoo eran relativamente ricas en elementos de tierras raras ligeras (LREE); la relación media de La / Yb es de aproximadamente 18,61 y la anomalía de Eu es de entre 0,52 y 1,94. Según los hallazgos de este estudio, el origen de Kamoo skarn fue consistente con el modelo presentado por Meinert, y las características de mineralización y alteración de la región corresponden a las condiciones que prevalecen en los entornos de subducción oceánica y cuenca de arco posterior

Examen de alteración y zonas metasomáticas basadas en la configuración tectónica de la región Kamoo (noreste de Isfahán, Irán)

Kamoo region (northeast of Isfahan) has an anticline structure with a northwest-southeast trend. The exposed part of this anticline consists of siltstone-sandstone and Jurassic shale, which is located below the Cretaceous formation as an unconformity. Penetration by magmatic masses (dikes) and mineralization events are mainly related to fault systems and fractures in the region and follow the trend of the anticline. In addition, the intensity and variety of alterations are affected by tectonic factors, with alteration and metasomatic haloes having developed next to crushed areas. The alteration process is the main controller of mineral mass grade in the study area; therefore, iron grade in the Kamoo ore has increased by the effects of alteration. The alteration effects include propylitic haloes, iron hydroxides (limonite), and clay mineralization (argillic). The host rock consists of Jurassic shales with siltstone, sandstone, and Cretaceous limestone. Calcareous formations adjacent to granodiorite masses are the main hosts of iron skarns. The results of this study showed that the mineral samples from Kamoo were relatively rich in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs); the average La/Yb ratio is about 18.61 and Eu anomaly is between 0.52 and 1.94. Based on the findings of this study, the origin for Kamoo skarn was consistent with the model presented by Meinert, and the region’s mineralization and alteration characteristics correspond to the conditions prevailing in oceanic subduction and back-arc basin environments.La región de Kamoo (noreste de Isfahan) tiene una estructura anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste. La parte expuesta de este anticlinal consiste en arenisca-arenisca y lutita jurásica, que se encuentra debajo de la formación del Cretácico como una disconformidad. La penetración por masas magmáticas (diques) y los eventos de mineralización están relacionados principalmente con sistemas de fallas y fracturas en la región y siguen la tendencia del anticlinal. Además, la intensidad y la variedad de las alteraciones se ven afectadas por factores tectónicos, con la alteración y los halos metasomáticos que se han desarrollado junto a las áreas trituradas. El proceso de alteración es el controlador principal del grado de masa mineral en el área de estudio; por lo tanto, el grado de hierro en el mineral de Kamoo ha aumentado por los efectos de la alteración. Los efectos de alteración incluyen halos propilíticos, hidróxidos de hierro (limonita) y mineralización de arcilla (argílica). La roca huésped consiste en lutitas jurásicas con limolita, arenisca y caliza cretácea. Las formaciones calcáreas adyacentes a las masas de granodiorita son los principales anfitriones de los skarns de hierro. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que las muestras minerales de Kamoo eran relativamente ricas en elementos de tierras raras ligeras (LREE); la relación media de La / Yb es de aproximadamente 18,61 y la anomalía de Eu es de entre 0,52 y 1,94. Según los hallazgos de este estudio, el origen de Kamoo skarn fue consistente con el modelo presentado por Meinert, y las características de mineralización y alteración de la región corresponden a las condiciones que prevalecen en los entornos de subducción oceánica y cuenca de arco posterior

Examen de alteración y zonas metasomáticas basadas en la configuración tectónica de la región Kamoo (noreste de Isfahán, Irán)

La región de Kamoo (noreste de Isfahan) tiene una estructura anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste. La parte expuesta de este anticlinal consiste en arenisca-arenisca y lutita jurásica, que se encuentra debajo de la formación del Cretácico como una disconformidad. La penetración por masas magmáticas (diques) y los eventos de mineralización están relacionados principalmente con sistemas de fallas y fracturas en la región y siguen la tendencia del anticlinal. Además, la intensidad y la variedad de las alteraciones se ven afectadas por factores tectónicos, con la alteración y los halos metasomáticos que se han desarrollado junto a las áreas trituradas. El proceso de alteración es el controlador principal del grado de masa mineral en el área de estudio; por lo tanto, el grado de hierro en el mineral de Kamoo ha aumentado por los efectos de la alteración. Los efectos de alteración incluyen halos propilíticos, hidróxidos de hierro (limonita) y mineralización de arcilla (argílica). La roca huésped consiste en lutitas jurásicas con limolita, arenisca y caliza cretácea. Las formaciones calcáreas adyacentes a las masas de granodiorita son los principales anfitriones de los skarns de hierro. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que las muestras minerales de Kamoo eran relativamente ricas en elementos de tierras raras ligeras (LREE); la relación media de La / Yb es de aproximadamente 18,61 y la anomalía de Eu es de entre 0,52 y 1,94. Según los hallazgos de este estudio, el origen de Kamoo skarn fue consistente con el modelo presentado por Meinert, y las características de mineralización y alteración de la región corresponden a las condiciones que prevalecen en los entornos de subducción oceánica y cuenca de arco posterior

Estudios petrográficos e esotópicos en el área de Kamoo, Noreste de Isfahan, Irán

The study area is located 5.5 km north-east of Kamo County and 30 km north-east of Meymeh, Isfahan. Kamo Index comprises an anticline with a northwest-southeast trend, the outcrop of which consists of siltstone-sandstone and Jurassic shale rocks that lie along a cretaceous unit. Based on field studies as well as petrographic and geochemical investigations, mineral assemblages and minerals in the area include chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite as primary ores and malachite, bornite, covellite, chalcocite, hematite, goethite, and hydrous iron oxides as secondary ores. The secondary ores have been formed by oxidation and biogenic processes. The primary textures are granular, disseminated, vein-shaped, and layered and the secondary textures are boxed and martitized, shear zones, replacements, and veins. Tectonic, metamorphic, and oxidation factors are involved in the formation of these textures. Due to tectonic activity in this area and the presence of faults, replacement, vein, and shear textures, which have developed after mineralization, are observed. Among alterations, hematite, propylitic, sericitic, limonitic, and kaolinitic are highly prevalent and they are important in the formation of iron deposits. The sub-alkaline granitoids of the region are related to the continental subduction-zone orogenic series. Studies on the decomposed iron samples from Kamo show that most of the samples are in the sub-alkaline series and the chemical and mineralogical composition of the magma derived from this series is calc-alkaline with a large amount of iron. According to mineralogical, lithological, and geochemical evidence and based on isotopic results, Kamo deposit is a skarn-type deposit.El área de estudio está ubicada a 5.5 km al noreste del condado de Kamo y a 30 km al noreste de Meymeh, Isfahan. El índice de Kamo comprende un anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste, cuyo afloramiento consiste en arenisca-arenisca y rocas de esquisto jurásico que se encuentran a lo largo de una unidad cretácea. Con base en estudios de campo, así como en investigaciones petrográficas y geoquímicas, los ensambles minerales y minerales en el área incluyen calcopirita, pirita, marcasita y magnetita como minerales primarios y malaquita, bornita, covenita, calcocita, hematita, goetita y óxidos de hierro hidratados como secundarios. Minerales Los minerales secundarios se han formado por oxidación y procesos biogénicos. Las texturas primarias son granulares, diseminadas, en forma de vena y en capas, y las texturas secundarias son en caja y martitizadas, zonas de cizallamiento, reemplazos y vetas. Los factores tectónicos, metamórficos y de oxidación están involucrados en la formación de estas texturas. Debido a la actividad tectónica en esta área y la presencia de fallas, se observan texturas de reemplazo, vetas y corte, que se han desarrollado después de la mineralización. Entre las alteraciones, hematita, propilítico, sericítico, limonítico y caolinítico son altamente prevalentes y son importantes en la formación de depósitos de hierro. Los granitoides subalcalinos de la región están relacionados con la serie orogénica continental de la zona de subducción. Los estudios sobre las muestras de hierro descompuesto de Kamo muestran que la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran en la serie subalcalina y la composición química y mineralógica del magma derivada de esta serie es alcalina con una gran cantidad de hierro. De acuerdo con la evidencia mineralógica, litológica y geoquímica y con base en los resultados isotópicos, el depósito de Kamo es un depósito tipo skarn