Some Qur’anic Discourse Strategies in the Realization and Use of Terror vs.Horror: A Pragmalinguistic Study with Reference to the Translation Impacts

تبحث هذه الورقة البحثية في الاستراتيجيات اللغوية والسياقية المرتبطة بفهم واستخدام التعبيرين المتضادين "الإرهاب" و"الإرعاب" فيما يتعلق بمعانيهما المعجمية والإيحائية في خطاب القرآن المجيد والحديث الشريف. ولهذا الغرض، تم اختيار عدد من الآيات القرآنية  وبعض الأحاديث التي تحتوي على المصطلحين, وتم تحليل هذه العينات في ضوء الإطار النظري لمنهج سياقي- لغوي أستخدم كمنظور تحليلي لهذه الدراسة يستند في معظمه على نظرية عالم اللغة السياقي جيففير شيرين (1999), نظرية التكيف اللغوي (LAT). ومن خلال هذا المنهج,  تم وضع فرضية تنص على أن فهم واستخدام هذين المصطلحين في الخطاب الديني في القرآن والحديث يرتبط سياقيا باستراتيجيات لغوية وسياقية عديدة كامنة ذات دلالات معجمية وإيحائية مختلفة تتبلور من خلال التأثيرات والانطباعات الإدراكية الايجابية منها والسلبية على المتلقين للخطاب.وفي هذا السياق, يحاجي البحث بأن هذا الخطاب الديني يرتكز على عملية التكيف، القائمة على اتخاذ الاختيار والتفاوض الديناميكي الحيوي والتكيف اللغوي للمتغيرات الفيزيائية والاجتماعية والذهنية المتعلقة بسياق الموقف. ومن خلال هذا المنظور، يمكن تفسير وفهم هذا الخطاب من خلال استنباط وتكوين  المعنى  المستمد من نقاط التركيز الأربعة وهي: السياق والبناء الهيكلي والديناميكية والأهمية. وكشفت نتائج التحليل أن هذين المصطلحان يستخدمان بهدف  تحقيق استراتيجيات سياقية وأيديولوجية ترتكز في نوعها ومدلولاتها الخطابية على المعاني المعجمية والإيحائية المتضادة لهذين المصطلحين.لقد توصل البث إلى نتيجة مفادها أن هذين المصطلحين  يفهمان ويستخدمان بفعالية  وبقصد على أنهما  تعبيرين متضادين  في معانيهما اللفظية والإيحائية, وعلى أساس هذا الفهم والإدراك  يتم استخدامهما لغرض الوصول الى استراتيجيات سياقية محددة تجعل من النص الديني أداة وظيفية تضعها اللغة بيد المتحدثين والمتلقين لغرض تحقيق غاياتهم التواصلية بشكل أكثر ملائمة. وأخيرا, يأمل الباحثان بأن نتائج البحث فيما يتعلق بالمصطلحين اللغويين المتضادين "الإرهاب" و "الإرعاب" يمكن أن تكون ذو تأثير على قضايا ومجالات الترجمة, وخصوصا في العالم العربي.This paper investigates the communicative pragmatic strategies associated with the realization and use of the linguistic dichotomy"Terror" vs."Horror", with regard to their denotative and connotative meanings in the Glorious Quran (and Hadith) discourse. To that end, a number of Qur’anic verses and Hadith utterances containing the two terms have been chosen and analyzed within the theoretical framework of a pragmalinguistic approach as a perspective, mostly based on Jef Verschueren’s (1999) Linguistic Adaptation Theory (LAT).On the light of this model, it is argued here that the realization and use of these two terms in the religious discourse of Quran and Hadith indicate various underlying linguistic and pragmatic strategies with different denotations and connotations revealed from the positive and negative conceptualized impacts on interpreters. It is also argued that in the relevant  discourse, the adaptation process, based on choice making, dynamic negotiation, and linguistic adaptation to physical, social and cognitive variables of the context of situation, is used. From this perspective, such a discourse is interpreted with reference to the meaning generation derived from the focal points of context, structure, dynamics and salience. The results of the analysis reveal that these two terms are used for various different pragmatic (and ideological) strategies based on their contrasting denotations and connotations. The paper reaches a conclusion that these two linguistic expressions are dynamically and intentionally realized as two antonymous expressions with reference to their denotations and connotations, and used for certain  pragmatic strategies that make the religious discourse function as a tool provided by language for the utterers and interpreters to satisfy their communicative needs most appropriately. The results and conclusions, raised here, might be of significant effects, or impacts, on translation matters; particularly, in the Arabic world, insofar as the linguistic dichotomy "Terror" vs. "Horror" is concerned

Solid-liquid Separation after Liquid-liquid Extraction: Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt by Extraction of its 2-Methoxyethyl Xanthate in Molten Naphthalene

A selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of cobalt after extraction of its 2-methoxyethyl xanthate complex into molten naphthalene. Cobalt reacts with this xanthate in the ratio of 1 : 2 (metal : ligand ratio) in a pH range of 3.5-9.2 and over an acid range of 2.5-7.0 M. It absorbs strongly at 355 nm. Beer\u27s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2.5-46.0 ~ig of cobalt in 10 ml of the final solution. The molar absorptivity and sensitivity in terms of Sandell\u27s definition are calculated to be 1.287 x 104 1 mo1-1 cm-1 and 0.0046 μg/cm2 respectively. Ten replicate determinations of sample solution containing 25 μg of cobalt gives a mean absorbance of 0.546 with a standard deviation of ± 0.0037 and a relative standard deviation of ± 0.670/o. Interference by various ions has been studied and the conditions developed for the determination of cobalt in complex materials such as alloys

Solid-liquid Separation after Liquid-liquid Extraction: Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt by Extraction of its 2-Methoxyethyl Xanthate in Molten Naphthalene

A selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of cobalt after extraction of its 2-methoxyethyl xanthate complex into molten naphthalene. Cobalt reacts with this xanthate in the ratio of 1 : 2 (metal : ligand ratio) in a pH range of 3.5-9.2 and over an acid range of 2.5-7.0 M. It absorbs strongly at 355 nm. Beer\u27s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2.5-46.0 ~ig of cobalt in 10 ml of the final solution. The molar absorptivity and sensitivity in terms of Sandell\u27s definition are calculated to be 1.287 x 104 1 mo1-1 cm-1 and 0.0046 μg/cm2 respectively. Ten replicate determinations of sample solution containing 25 μg of cobalt gives a mean absorbance of 0.546 with a standard deviation of ± 0.0037 and a relative standard deviation of ± 0.670/o. Interference by various ions has been studied and the conditions developed for the determination of cobalt in complex materials such as alloys

Vasopressin for the management of catecholamine-resistant anaphylactic shock

Severe anaesthetic anaphylaxis is relatively uncommon. Oxygen, fluids and epinephrine are considered to be the mainstay for treatment of cardiovascular collapse and current guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis list only epinephrine as a vasopressor to use in the event of a cardiovascular collapse. Recently, evidence has emerged in the support of the use of vasopressin in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, it is also recommended for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation, septic shock and post-cardiopulmonary bypass distribution shock. Currently, there is no algorithm or guideline for the management of anaphylaxis that include the use of vasopressin. We report a 24-year-old woman who developed severe anaphylactic shock at induction of anaesthesia while undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Circulation shock was refractory to epinephrine and high doses of pure alpha-agonist phenylephrine and norepinephrine. Single intravenous dose of two units of vasopressin re-established normal circulation and blood pressure

Smart nanocrystals of artemether: fabrication, characterization, and comparative in vitro and in vivo antimalarial evaluation

YesArtemether (ARTM) is a very effective antimalarial drug with poor solubility and consequently low bioavailability. Smart nanocrystals of ARTM with particle size of 161±1.5 nm and polydispersity index of 0.172±0.01 were produced in <1 hour using a wet milling technology, Dena® DM-100. The crystallinity of the processed ARTM was confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. The saturation solubility of the ARTM nanocrystals was substantially increased to 900 µg/mL compared to the raw ARTM in water (145.0±2.3 µg/mL) and stabilizer solution (300.0±2.0 µg/mL). The physical stability studies conducted for 90 days demonstrated that nanocrystals stored at 2°C-8°C and 25°C were very stable compared to the samples stored at 40°C. The nanocrystals were also shown to be stable when processed at acidic pH (2.0). The solubility and dissolution rate of ARTM nanocrystals were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to those of its bulk powder form. The results of in vitro studies showed significant antimalarial effect (P<0.05) against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The IC50 (median lethal oral dose) value of ARTM nanocrystals was 28- and 54-fold lower than the IC50 value of unprocessed drug and 13- and 21-fold lower than the IC50 value of the marketed tablets, respectively. In addition, ARTM nanocrystals at the same dose (2 mg/kg) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher reduction in percent parasitemia (89%) against P. vivax compared to the unprocessed (27%), marketed tablets (45%), and microsuspension (60%). The acute toxicity study demonstrated that the LD50 value of ARTM nanocrystals is between 1,500 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg when given orally. This study demonstrated that the wet milling technology (Dena® DM-100) can produce smart nanocrystals of ARTM with enhanced antimalarial activities

Young British Pakistani Muslim women’s involvement in higher education

YesThis article explores the implications for identity through presenting a detailed analysis of how three British Pakistani women narrated their involvement in higher education. The increased participation of British South Asian women in higher education has been hailed a major success story and is said to have enabled them to forge alternative, more empowering gender identities in comparison to previous generations. Drawing on generative narrative interviews conducted with three young women, we explore the under-researched area of Pakistani Muslim women in higher education. The central plotlines for their stories are respectively higher education as an escape from conforming to the ‘good Muslim woman’; becoming an educated mother; and Muslim women can ‘have it all’. Although the women narrated freedom to choose, their stories were complex. Through analysis of personal ‘I’ and social ‘We’ self-narration, we discuss the different ways in which they drew on agency and fashioned it within social and structural constraints of gender, class and religion. Thus higher education is a context that both enables and constrains negotiations of identity

Wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) production under drought and heat stress – adverse effects, mechanisms and mitigation: A review

Heat and drought stresses are the most important abiotic factors that reduce crops productivity by affecting various physiological and biochemical processes. Thus, selecting cultivars with better drought or heat stress tolerance or breeding for stress tolerance will be helpful in enhancing crop productivity under harsh environments. This review elaborates the physiological basis of high temperature and drought stress tolerance in wheat which can be used as selection criteria in wheat breeding program. In addition, some agronomic selection criteria which are valid and useful in selecting stress tolerant wheat species and cultivars. The review also discussed the valid usage of stress tolerance indices (such as mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), relative productivity (RP%), stress susceptibility index (SSI), and the tolerance index (TOL)) to scan the genotypes against drought and heat stress. Beside these, exogenous application of stress signaling compounds, osmolytes, or certain inorganic salts play a vital role for alleviating adverse effects of abiotic stresses for sustainable wheat production. In addition, applications for soil amendments will also helpful in increasing wheat crop productivity under stressful conditions. All these strategies may be helpful to meet the food demands of the increasing population.Fil: El Sabagh, A.. University of Kafrelsheikh; EgiptoFil: Hossain, A.. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute; BangladeshFil: Barutçular, C.. University of Çukurova; TurquíaFil: Islam, Mohammad Sirajul. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University; BangladeshFil: Awan, S. I.. University of the Poonch; PakistánFil: Galal, A.. University of Kafrelsheikh; EgiptoFil: Iqbal, M. A.. University of the Poonch; PakistánFil: Sytar, O.. Slovak University of Agriculture; EslovaquiaFil: Yildirim, M.. Dicle University; TurquíaFil: Meena, R. S.. Inistitute of Agricultural Sciences; IndiaFil: Fahad, S.. The University of Swabi; PakistánFil: Najeeb, U.. The University of Queensland; AustraliaFil: Konuskan, O.. Mustafa Kemal University; TurquíaFil: Habib, R. A.. Bahauddin Zakariya University; PakistánFil: Llanes, Analia Susana. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Hussain, S.. University of Agriculture; PakistánFil: Farooq, M.. Sultan Qaboos University; OmánFil: Hasanuzzaman, M.. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University; BangladeshFil: Abdelaal, K. H.. Kafrelsheikh University; EgiptoFil: Hafez, Y.. Kafrelsheikh University; EgiptoFil: Cig, F.. Siirt University; TurquíaFil: Saneoka, H.. Hiroshima University; Japó

Seed Extract of Psoralea corylifolia and Its Constituent Bakuchiol Impairs AHL-Based Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Food- and Human-Related Pathogens

The emergence of multi-drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria in clinical settings as well as food-borne infections has become a serious health concern. The problem of drug resistance necessitates the need for alternative novel therapeutic strategies to combat this menace. One such approach is targeting the quorum-sensing (QS) controlled virulence and biofilm formation. In this study, we first screened different fractions of Psoralea corylifolia (seed) for their anti-QS property in the Chromobacterium violaceum 12472 strain. The methanol fraction was found to be the most active fraction and was selected for further bioassays. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, the P. corylifolia methanol fraction (PCMF) reduced QS-regulated virulence functions in C. violaceum CVO26 (violacein); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (elastase, protease, pyocyanin, chitinase, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and swarming motility), A. hydrophila (protease, EPS), and Serratia marcescens (prodigiosin). Biofilm formation in all the test pathogens was reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.005) in a concentration-dependent manner. The β-galactosidase assay showed that the PCMF at 1,000 μg/ml downregulated las-controlled transcription in PAO1. In vivo studies with C. elegans demonstrated increased survival of the nematodes after treatment with the PCMF. Bakuchiol, a phytoconstituent of the extract, demonstrated significant inhibition of QS-regulated violacein production in C. violaceum and impaired biofilm formation in the test pathogens. The molecular docking results suggested that bakuchiol efficiently binds to the active pockets of LasR and RhlR, and the complexes were stabilized by several hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation of LasR, LasR–bakuchiol, RhlR, and RhlR–bakuchiol complexes for 50 ns revealed that the binding of bakuchiol to LasR and RhlR was fairly stable. The study highlights the anti-infective potential of the PCMF and bakuchiol instead of bactericidal or bacteriostatic action, as the extract targets QS-controlled virulence and the biofilm