Pomicanje granica: kartiranje i praćenje dinamike rijeke Amu Darya koristeći podatke i tehnike daljinskih istraživanja

Assessment of water-related disaster risk is essential for risk mitigation and management for sustainable development. This problem arises with transboundary waters, adding geopolitical problems to the existing ones. For moving borders, such as the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, mapping and monitoring of the river dynamics is essential for resolving potential problems that may occur due to shifts in the river bank. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, mapping and analyzing land conversion, river channel dynamics, quantify lateral erosion and accretion in the period between 1990 – 2020, four Landsat images were used. The results of the investigation showed significant shift of the river bank, especially from north to south, causing damages over agricultural areas of the local people in Afghanistan. Also the results showed the total area of the river shift on both sides of the border. The most critical parts of the river were also detected, and it was concluded that some parts of the border moved up to 3 km inside Afghanistan. Such information can help both local and international administration in resolving problems due to unresolved water sharing policies, and can help in making geopolitical decisions beneficial for both parties.Procjena opasnosti od katastrofa vezanih uz vodu važna je za smanjenje rizika i upravljanje rizicima u svrhu održivog razvoja. Taj se problem pojavljuje kod prekograničnih voda, dodajući geopolitičke probleme već postojećima. Za pomicanje granica, kao što je granica između Afganistana i Tadžikistana i Uzbekistana, kartiranje i praćenje dinamike rijeke važno je za rješavanje potencijalnih problema koji se mogu pojaviti zbog pomaka obale rijeke. Kako bi se ostvarili ciljevi ove studije, kartiranje i analiziranje prenamjene zemljišta, dinamika riječnih kanala, mjerenje lateralne erozije i nagomilavanja u razdoblju između 1990. i 2020., korištene su četiri snimke Landsat. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su značajan pomak obale rijeke, posebno od sjevera prema jugu, što je uzrokovalo domaćem stanovništvu u Afganistanu štete u poljoprivrednim područjima. Također, rezultati su pokazali ukupno područje pomaka rijeke na obje strane granice. Najkritičniji dijelovi rijeke također su otkriveni te se zaključilo da se neki dijelovi granice pomaknu do 3 km unutar teritorija Afganistana. Takve informacije mogu pomoći lokalnoj i međunarodnoj administraciji u rješavanju problema nastalih zbog neriješenih politika međusobnog korištenja voda te mogu pomoći u donošenju geopolitičkih odluka korisnih za obje strane

A High Thrust Force Spoke-Type Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine with Reduced Thrust Force Ripple

Linear permanent magnet vernier machines (LP-MVMs) have become prevalent in direct-drive applications, such as wave energy harvesting systems and traction applications, owing to their distinctive merit of providing high thrust force at low speeds. In this paper, a novel structure of a double-sided spoke-type LPMVM is proposed, which takes advantage of the magnetic gearing effect. The proposed double-sided linear machine exploits spoke-type permanent magnets (PMs) and one of the stators is displaced as half of the stator tooth pitch to obtain the flux-focusing effect. The thrust force ripple of the proposed spoke-type LPMVM can be decreased by adjusting the stator end-teeth and mitigating the detrimental impact of the longitudinal effect. The proposed LPMVM with adjusted end-teeth offers a noteworthy potential in terms of high thrust force density, increased power factor, and reduced thrust force ripple, which makes it a suitable candidate for various direct-drive applications. The proposed LPMVM is compared with a conventional surface-mounted LPMVM and a spoke-type LP-MVM without adjusting end-teeth to verify the superiority of the new structure. Also, transient and steady-state thermal analyses of the proposed LPMVM are conducted to confirm its thermal stability. A two-dimensional finite element analysis (2D-FEA) is adopted to prove the outstanding characteristics of the proposed double-sided spoke-type linear vernier structure

Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Generators for Wave Energy Applications: Analysis, Challenges, and Opportunities

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Harvesting energy from waves as a substantial resource of renewable energy has attracted much attention in recent years. Linear permanent magnet vernier generators (LPMVGs) have been widely adopted in wave energy applications to extract clean energy from oceans. Linear PM vernier machines perform based on the magnetic gearing effect, allowing them to offer high power/force density at low speeds. The outstanding feature of providing high power capability makes linear vernier generators more advantageous compared to linear PM synchronous counterparts used in wave energy conversion systems. Nevertheless, they inherently suffer from a poor power factor arising from their considerable leakage flux. Various structures and methods have been introduced to enhance their performance and improve their low power factor. In this work, a comparative study of different structures, distinguishable concepts, and operation principles of linear PM vernier machines is presented. Furthermore, recent advancements and innovative improvements have been investigated. They are categorized and evaluated to provide a comprehensive insight into the exploitation of linear vernier generators in wave energy extracting systems. Finally, some significant structures of linear PM vernier generators are modeled using two-dimensional finite element analysis (2D-FEA) to compare their electromagnetic characteristics and survey their performance.Peer reviewe

SIEMS: A Secure Intelligent Energy Management System for Industrial IoT Applications

© IEEE. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3165890In this work, we deploy a one-day-ahead prediction algorithm using a deep neural network for a fast-response BESS in an intelligent energy management system (I-EMS) that is called SIEMS. The main role of the SIEMS is to maintain the state of charge at high rates based on the one-day-ahead information about solar power, which depends on meteorological conditions. The remaining power is supplied by the main grid for sustained power streaming between BESS and end-users. Considering the usage of information and communication technology components in the microgrids, the main objective of this paper is focused on the hybrid microgrid performance under cyber-physical security adversarial attacks. Fast gradient sign, basic iterative, and DeepFool methods, which are investigated for the first time in power systems e.g. smart grid and microgrids, in order to produce perturbation for training data.Peer reviewe

Machine learning-based classification of asbestos-containing roofs using airborne RGB and thermal imagery

Detecting asbestos-containing roofs has been of great interest in the past few years as the substance negatively affects human health and the environment. Different remote sensing data have been successfully used for this purpose. However, RGB and thermal data have yet to be investigated. This study aims to investigate the classification of asbestos-containing roofs using RGB and airborne thermal data and state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) classification techniques. With the rapid development of ML reflected in this study, we evaluate three classifiers: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). We have used several image enhancement techniques to produce additional bands to improve the classification results. For feature selection, we used the Boruta technique; based on the results, we have constructed four different variations of the dataset. The results showed that the most important features for asbestos-containing roof detection were the investigated spectral indices in this study. From a ML point of view, SVM outperformed RF and XGBoost in the dataset using only the spectral indices, with a balanced accuracy of 0.93. Our results showed that RGB bands could produce as accurate results as the multispectral and hyperspectral data with the addition of spectral indices

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The process of Abbasid Call and the mawali in the first century of the Abbasi State

Yüksek Lisans Tezi Yök Merkezi No:350766İslam Tarihi boyunca mevâlî kavramı gerek cahiliye devrinde gerek daha sonraki devirlerde Araplar arasında farklı anlamlarda kullanılmıştır. Kelime Hûlefâ-i Râşidîn döneminden sonra özellikle Emevîler döneminde, Arap olmayan tüm müslümanlar için kullanılmaya başlandı. Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-i Râşidîn döneminde Araplarla mevâlî arasında her hangi bir ayrım yapılmamıştır. Mevâlî olarak isimlendirilen gayr-i Arap unsurlar Emevîler döneminde adaletli davranan yöneticiler tarafından hoş muamele görmüşlerse de genel olarak birçok yöneticiler mevâlîye karşı bir takım olumsuz davranışlarda bulunmuşlardır. Çalışmamızda yaklaşık bir asır hâkimiyetini sürdüren Emevî hanedanın (41-132/661-750) yıkılmasına ve Abbâsîler'in iktidara gelemesine büyük ölçüde katkı sağlayan mevâlînin Abbâsîlerin ilk asrı sonuna kadar (132-232/750-847) siyasî, askerî, sosyal, ilmî, kültürel ve ekonomik durumu, Emevî devletinin yıkılmasına sebep olan ihtilal hareketinin Kûfe'de Ebû Seleme ve Horasân'da Ebû Müslim'in bu hareketin başına geçip büyük başarılar elde ederek neticede devletin kurulmasıyla birlikte büyük nüfuz sahibi olan mevâlî incelenmiştir. Dolayısıyla Abbâsîler'in ilk asrında mevâlînin gücü ve konumu artmıştır. Bu açıdan mevâlînin Abbâsî devletinin kuruluşu ve ilk asrındaki durumunun araştırılması ve incelenmesi önem arzetmektedir.SUMMARY Throughout the history of Islam, the term `mawali? has been used both during the time of ignorance (jahiliyya) and during the later times in different meanings. This word has been used after the Rightly-guided Caliphs, especially during the Amawis for all non-Arab muslims. During the Prophets time and the time of the rightly-guided caliphs there was no distinction between arab and non-arab muslims. During the amawi state, while mawali?s were treated well by some just administrators, generally the administrators had a bad attitude towards the mawali. In this dissertation we have researched the one century long (41-132/661-750) period of the Amawi state, until its decay and the coming into power of the Abbasids with the help of Mawali. We investigated the political, social, scientific, cultural and economic situation of the period and the revolution movement that led to the collapse of the Amawi state. Also especially this revolution movement led by Abu Salama in Qufa and by Abu Muslim in Khorasan and their access to power as Mawali?s when the movement proved to be successful. Thus, the power and position of the Mawali during the first age of Abbasids rised. In this respect, it is important to research the position of the Mawali during the establishment and first century of the Abbasid state

Bacterial Leakage of Mineral Trioxide Aggregates and Portland Cement

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (PMTA) and Root mineral trioxide aggregate (RMTA) as root-end filling materials, and Portland cement (PC) to prevent bacterial leakage through filled root end cavities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one extracted human single rooted teeth were cleaned and shaped using a step back technique. The root-ends were resected and a 4 mm deep root-end preparation was made with fissure bur. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=15) and a further six teeth served as controls. Three root-end cavities were filled with gutta-percha without a root canal sealer (positive control) and three remaining were filled with sticky wax, covered with two layers of nail polish (negative control). Root-end cavities in each experimental group were filled with PMTA, RMTA or PC. After attaching the teeth to plastic caps of 9 ml vials, the teeth and the caps were sterilized using Gamma ray. Then the caps with teeth were placed on the vials containing Phenol Red Lactose broth. A tenth of microliter of Tripticase Soy broth containing Staphylococcus Epidermidis (SE) was placed into the root canals of the teeth. Every 48 hours inoculation of 0.1 ml of the SE broth culture into each root canal was performed. RESULTS: All positive controls leaked within 3 days, none of the negative controls leaked. Bacterial leakage occurred in 33% of samples in the PMTA group and in 40% of samples in RMTA and PC groups. The results indicated no statistical difference between three test materials after 35 days. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that PMTA, RMTA and PC demonstrated a similar ability to seal root end cavities