Holographic Calculation of BMSFT Mutual and 3-partite Information

We use flat-space holography to calculate the mutual information and the 3-partite information of a two-dimensional BMS-invariant field theory (BMSFT$_2$). This theory is the putative holographic dual of the three-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. We find a bound in which entangling transition occurs for zero and finite temperature BMSFTs. We also show that the holographic 3-partite information is always non-positive which indicates that the holographic mutual information is monogamous.Comment: 15 page

Identification of different Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) species collected from Ardabil province (Iran) by using claw shape

The family Chrysopidae has several genera of which the genus Chrysoperla is more important of them. These lacewings are beneficial insects when they have high potential for predation on harmful aphids which can be used in their biological control programs. Due to high importance of these lacewings in Ardabil province in northwest zone of Iran, identification of their species was done. By examining the collected specimens with morphological features, wing venation, male reproductive organ, and claws shape (as the best way to identify the species) fi nally 4 species were identified including Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Chrysoperla kolthoffi Navas, Chrysoperla lucasina Lacroix, and Chrysoperla sillemi Esben-Petresen

THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF FIVE INSECTICIDES ON HABROBRACON HEBETOR SAY PARASITISM ON EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER LARVAE BASED ON PHENOLOXIDASE ENZYME ACTIVITY

Ephestia kuehniella is an important cereal pest and Habrobracon hebetor is its efficient biocontrol control worldwide. The enzyme phenoloxidase is one of the major components of the insect immune system. This enzyme catalyzes the quinones and other reactive intermediates to reduce parasitoid invasion. In this study, the effects of five commercial insecticides in Iran on the parasitism percentage of H. hebetor and on the activation of phenoloxidase in the hemolymph of host larvae as an important indicator were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of parasitism was significantly lower in insecticide treatments compared to the control (F5, 42= 6.471). There were significant differences in total protein content among the control and insecticides treatments, as well as in the phenoloxidase activity in the host larvae. Accordingly, the highest activity was in the control (0.3924±0092 μM/min/mg protein) and the lowest when larvae were treated with propargite (0.1927±0.0169 μM/min/mg protein). The results confirmed that the insecticides palizin and buprofezin do not have serious negative effects on H. hebetor parasitism when combined in integrated pest management

Double point self-intersection surfaces of immersions

A self-transverse immersion of a smooth manifold M^{k+2} in R^{2k+2} has a double point self-intersection set which is the image of an immersion of a smooth surface, the double point self-intersection surface. We prove that this surface may have odd Euler characteristic if and only if k is congruent to 1 modulo 4 or k+1 is a power of 2. This corrects a previously published result by Andras Szucs. The method of proof is to evaluate the Stiefel-Whitney numbers of the double point self-intersection surface. By earier work of the authors these numbers can be read off from the Hurewicz image h(\alpha ) in H_{2k+2}\Omega ^{\infty }\Sigma ^{\infty }MO(k) of the element \alpha in \pi _{2k+2}\Omega ^{\infty }\Sigma ^{\infty }MO(k) corresponding to the immersion under the Pontrjagin-Thom construction.Comment: 22 pages. Published copy, also available at http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/gt/GTVol4/paper4.abs.htm

Experimental and PFC2D numerical study of progressive shear behaviour of single rough rock fractures

This thesis investigates the progressive shear behaviour and asperity degradation of single rough rock fractures using 2D numerical simulations and laboratory experiments.The particle flow code (PFC) was chosen for simulation purposes in this work. The fracture and intact sample are modelled as an assembly of circular disks in PFC2D. By performing biaxial test simulations in PFC2D, correlations were obtained between micro and macro properties of the intact sample. These results were used later for guidance to establish the micro properties of models corresponding to mortar samples, based on the macro response obtained from the lab experiments. To define a set of micro properties corresponding to fracture particles and investigate their effects on shear behaviour of both planar and rough fractures, a sensitivity analysis of fracture model micro properties including particle size, particle friction coefficient, and contact bond strength were carried out.Several synthetic profiles with triangular and sinusoidal geometries were simulated to study their shear behaviour. A prior knowledge of the shearing response of such simple geometries allowed calibration of the model to be made. The results confirmed the observation of different failure modes, i.e. sliding, asperity cut-off, and degradation, as a result of increasing the normal stress. The simulation results were compared with lab experiments that were carried out on synthetic samples with constant height elevations along their thickness. This was the closest geometry that could be used to calibrate 2D models, and a good agreement was found between the results of the two approaches.The lab shear tests were conducted using a fracture shear cell (FSC). This was a special set up made from modifications on an existing triaxial stress cell. The FSC was capable of applying large shear and normal loads to the sample where the normal load was applied in a constant rate using a pressure cylinder.Both lab experiments and simulations were performed on pseudo-real as well as rock-like fracture specimens. The directionality in shear strength when the sample was sheared in opposite directions along a horizontal plane was also studied. The 1D Riemannian dispersion parameter (DR1) was determined for different profiles’ geometries as a measure of roughness. This parameter showed a good correlation with the profile’s shear strength. The spline fits to the peak shear strength data for triangular profile geometry as well as the number of rock fracture profiles obtained from literature were developed and presented. A detailed discussion on the simulations and lab experiments will be given and the results presented and interpreted

Income and Happiness in Afghanistan: Do Insecurity and Violence Matter?

We examine the relationship between household income and happiness in Afghanistan and the moderating roles of fear of insecurity and experiencing violence. Our study is based on surveys conducted by the Asia Foundation from 2014 to 2021 across 34 provinces in Afghanistan. Employing fixed effects ordered logit regressions, our results reveal a positive association between income and happiness. Additionally, we find a negative association between fear of insecurity, experiencing violence, and happiness. Among individuals with higher incomes and a fear of insecurity, the probability of having a high level of happiness declines by about 2.4% points when compared to those without such fear. Furthermore, for individuals with higher incomes who have experienced violence, the probability of having a high level of happiness declines by about 3.8% points when compared to those who have not experienced violence. However, for individuals with low incomes, insecurity and violence do not significantly impact their predicated level of happiness. This result can be attributed to two main issues. First, in conflict-affected areas, high-income individuals not only encounter the inherent dangers of their environment and the constant threat of terrorism, but also face increased risk of asset loss and institutional mistrust due to rampant corruption. Second, fear of insecurity and experiencing violence are influenced by psychological factors and diminish the positive impact of higher income on happiness. The results are robust to the inclusion of other socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents