Cardiovascular Risk factors Analysis in Renal Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation is currently the preferred treatment modality for virtually all suitable candidates with end-stage renal disease. When compared with the general population, cardiovascular mortality in transplant recipients is increased by nearly 10-fold among patients within the age range of 35 and 44 and at least doubled among those between the ages of 55 and 64. All transplant recipients should currently be considered as coronary heart disease risk. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between conventional assessment of the global cardio-vascular risk by means of the Framingham risk score and traditional, non-traditional risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective Analytical study was done in our center to analyze cardiovascular risk factors in Cadaver and Live related renal transplant recipients over the period of October 2010 to November 2011. Less than one month post-transplant, less than 18 years of age, death due to non cardiac causes during the study, graft dysfunction and on maintenance hemodialysis were exclude from the study. All recipients profile of Age, Sex, Nature of the Donor, Post transplant duration in months were noted. Height and weight were measured. Body mass index was calculated. Waist circumference and Blood pressure were measured. Fasting and 2 hours postprandial blood were taken to analyze Sugar, Creatinine, Total Cholesterol, HDL,LDL, Triglycerides, Hemoglobin, Serum albumin, Serum uricacid. Urine routine was done by dipstick method. Cardiac ECHO evaluation was done. Carotid intima media thickness was measured. Framingham risk score was determined by online calculator. The statistical analysis had been done by using SPSS (Statistical Package on Social Science) version 15.0. Pearson’s exact Chi-square was used to calculate p-Value. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multi variate analysis was done by multiple logistic regression method. RESULTS: Total numbers of recipients were 170, among124 were male, 46 were female. Live donor transplant was 142, cadaver transplant was 28.Mean age was 32.7years, Mean post transplant duration was 53.7months. Total patients were divided into groups according to framingham risk score to predict 10 year absolute risk of coronary heart disease event. Recipients were fit into risk category of 1-3%, 3-5%, 5-8%, 8-10% with prevalence of 80.6%, 11.8%, 4.7%, 2.9% respectively. Framingham risk score was compared with recipient’s variables to compute p-Value as follow: Age above 40 years: 0.001, Sex: 0.893, Cadaveric graft recipients: 0.026, Post transplant duration in months: 0.273, Graft dysfunction: 0.458, Body mass index: 0.120, Metabolic syndrome: 0.001, NODAT: 0.001, SHT: 0.496, Diastolic dysfunction: 0.001, Left ventricular hypertrophy 0.243, Lipid profile abnormalities 0.001, Proteinuria 0.001, Anemia and Post transplant erythrocytosis 0.014, Hypoalbuminemia 0.679, Hyperuricemia 0.481, Carotid intima media thickness ≥ 1.1mm 0.001. CONCLUSION: According to Univariate analysis following variables concluded as cardiovascular risk factors were Increased age, Cadaveric graft recipients, Metabolic syndrome, New onset diabetes after transplantation, Elevated serum cholesterol, Elevated LDL cholesterol, Elevated TGL cholesterol, Diastolic dysfunction, Proteinuria, Anemia, Post transplant erythrocytosis and High carotid intima media thickness. Independent risk factors derived from multivariate analysis were Increasing age, New onset diabetes after transplantation, Elevated serum cholesterol, Proteinuria. All transplant recipients should currently be considered as coronary heart disease risk

Clinical Profile of Stroke

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is an emerging epidemic and is the third leading cause of death. The term stroke encompasses, Cerebral infarction, Intra cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Based on a retrospective analyses of subjects admitted in urban hospitals in India it was found that stroke constitutes nearly 2% of all hospital cases and 20% of neurological admissions. The incidence in younger population (below 40 years) is high (13 to 32%) when compared to European countries. A Random survey on 2,58,576 residents in urban areas of Vellore revealed only 147 hemiplegic subjects presumed to be Vascular origin. Thus the prevalence rate for hemiplegia in south India was reported to be 56.9 per 1,00,000 as compared 150 to 186 per 1,00,000 for USA and Europe. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study 200 cases of stroke with complete analysis of Age, Sex, Incidence, Types of stroke, other risk factors, Clinical presentation, Onset, Associated features, and CT scan findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1. 200 cases of stroke in government Stanley medical college between September 2005 to February 2006. 2. Complete history, physical examination were done and clinical diagnosis of the patient was arrived. 3. All patients BP, bloodsugar, urea, serum creatinine, electrolytes, total cholesterol X ray chest, ECG, hemoglobin, total and differential count, and associated diseases were noted. 4. If associated diseases were noted further special work up was done. 5. CT brain plain was done for all patients . 6. Contrast enhancement CT brain was done as advised by radiologist. 7. MRI brain was done as advised by neurologist. 8. The results of all the data are expressed in the tabular forms for analysis. Excluded cases: Cerebral tumour, Cerebral abscess, Tuberculoma brain, Old CVA admitted for other diseases. CONCLUSION: Stroke commonly affecting males than females. More chance for getting stroke in the age group between 51 – 70 years. Young stroke was also commonly occurring. Ischemic stroke was more common than hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral venous thrombosis occurred in the puerperial women No cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage in this study. Hypertension was the predominant risk factor. DM was also present. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with in patients with ischemic stroke. Smoking, alcoholism, and obesity were also important risk factor. Onset of stroke was sudden in most of the cases. Stroke developed while on Activities of daily living, then stress Hemiplegia or hemiparesis was the commonest presentation. Loss of consciousness, Bladder / bowel involvement, UMN type Facial palsy, Aphasia was commonly associated features. Patients were also presented with TIA symptoms. Stroke patients had cardiac lesions like IHD, RHD, DCMP, MVP, Aortic sclerosis. Various medical diseases also were present in stroke patients also. Stroke caused by Cerebral venous thrombosis commonly occurred in the young females in puerperial period. In imaging studies, Cerebral infarction was the common finding. Others were Cortical atrophy, Multiple infarct. Some patients showed normal studies

Preparation, Optimization and Activity of Active Absorbent Synthesized from Oil Palm Ash for Flue Gas Desulfurization.

Active absorbent for the removal of SO2 in flue gas from combustion system was prepared from oil palm ash,calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) using water hydration process. The effect of various absorbent preparation variables; hydration period, amount of oil palm ash and amount of CaSO4 used in the preparation mixture towards the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) specific surface area of the resulting absorbent were studied using Central Composite Design (CCD). The surface area of the absorbents obtained ranges from 18.7 to 147.2 m2/g

Analysis of Connecting Rod Based on Finite Eliment Approach

The connecting rod is one of the most important pats of an automotive engine. The connecting rod is subjected to a complex state of loading. High compressive and tensile loads are due to the combustion and connecting rod’s mass of inertia respectively. The connecting rod fails during the operation of the engine is the critical situation. Therefore the connecting rod should be able to withstand tremendous load and transmit a great deal of power smoothly. The objective of this paper is to investigate the failure analysis of the connecting rod of the automotive engine. The materials including carbon steel, mild steel, bass and aluminum are considered in this study. The linear static analysis was carried out utilizing the finite element analysis codes. The numerical results were verified with the experimental results. It can be seen from the acquired results that the carbon steel gives good results in terms of hardness and endurance limit compared with the other materials

The Changing Pattern of Hospital Admission to Medical Wards : Burden of non-communicable diseases at a hospital in a developing country

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the pattern of hospital admissions and patient outcomes in medical wards at Atbara Teaching Hospital in River Nile State, Sudan. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2013 to July 2014 and included all patients admitted to medical wards at the Atbara Teaching Hospital during the study period. Morbidity and mortality data was obtained from medical records. Diseases were categorised using the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding system. Results: A total of 2,614 patient records were analysed. The age group with the highest admissions was the 56‒65-year-old age group (19.4%) and the majority of patients were admitted for one week or less (86.4%). Non-communicable diseases constituted 71.8% of all cases. According to ICD classifications, patients were admitted most frequently due to infectious or parasitic diseases (19.7%), followed by diseases of the circulatory (16.4%), digestive (16.4%) and genito-urinary (13.8%) systems. The most common diseases were cardiovascular disease (16.4%), malaria (11.3%), gastritis/peptic ulcer disease (9.8%), urinary tract infections (7.2%) and diabetes mellitus (6.9%). The mortality rate was 4.7%. Conclusion: The burden of non-communicable diseases was found to exceed that of communicable diseases among patients admitted to medical wards at the Atbara Teaching Hospital

Bis{2-[4-(methyl­sulfan­yl)phen­yl]-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium} tetra­bromido­cuprate(II) dihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C14H13N2S)2[CuBr4]·2H2O, contains two cations, one anion and two solvent water mol­ecules that are connected via O—H⋯Br, N—H⋯Br and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional polymeric structure. The cations are arranged in a head-to-tail fashion and form stacks along [100]. The central CuII atom of the anion is in a distorted tetra­hedral environment

2-(4-Methyl­sulfanylphen­yl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium bromide

In the cation of the title compound, C14H13N2S+·Br−, the essentially planar benzimidazole system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0082 Å) is substituted with a 4-methyl­sulfanylphenyl ring. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole system and the 4-methyl­sulfanylphenyl ring is 2.133 (2)°. The crystal structure is characterized by strong and highly directional inter­molecular N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds involving the bromide ion. Moreover, C—H⋯S inter­actions result in chains of mol­ecules along the c axis. The supra­molecular assembly is further stabilized by π–π stacking inter­actions between the benzimidazole system and 4-methyl­sulfanylphenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.477 (4) Å]

Characterization of flow rate and Heat Loss in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Duct System for Office Building

A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and provides the performance of human activities and need to be considered in the daily operation in that building. The improvements in building performance are focused on improving the energy efficiency of buildings. This is approach by designing heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) duct system due to one of the most utilized energy in maintaining building performance and environment. The objectives of this research is to calculate the air (CFM) supply in office building, to characterize the velocity and head loss in a round and rectangular HVAC ducting system at various duct thickness and to optimize the thickness of the duct in HVAC system according to ASHRAE Standard. The increasing of velocity in duct system shows the increasing of head loss. The round duct design gives the lowest velocity and head loss in HVAC system approximately around 9.35% as compared to rectangular duct at 0.06 inches thickness. Hence, the trends of the head loss and duct thickness has influenced in reducing noise in HVAC duct system in order to select the best design concepts which is round shape design

IN SILICO DOCKING ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST EGFR PROTEIN

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective new phytocomponents from Calophyllum inophyllum ethanol leaf extract against breast cancer target protein of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) using in silico docking studies.Materials and Methods: The identification of compounds was done by GC-MS analysis. The in silico docking studies were carried out using Discovery Studio 4.0 software.Results: The GC-MS analysis of ethanol leaf extract revealed the presence of eleven compounds. The docking analysis have exhibited moderate to potent inhibition with a range of dock score 3 to 55. 2H-Benzo(cd) pyrene-2,6(1,H)-dione, 3,5,7,10-tetrahydroxy-compound showed the dock score of 55.427.Conclusion: The results revealed out that the compounds present in Calophyllum inophyllum can inhibit the EGFR protein. The plant possesses anticancer potential because of the various bioactive compounds presence which is mainly responsible for anticancer activity.Â

Can quality of work life affect work performance among Government Agriculture Extension Officers? a case from Malaysia

The importance of agriculture industry in enhancing the country economy cannot be denied. Recently, a total of USD 1.7 billion has been allocated by the government to boost this industry. Beside of this huge allocation, do the policy implementers which are the agriculture extension officers have adequate work performance to carry out the responsibility given to them? Approach: This study would like to discover whether quality of work life among the agriculture extension employee do have impact their work performance or not. It is necessary to estimate quality of work life function in enhancing work performance, analyze the most important factor and variables on this work performance. The instruments used for collecting data were: A scale on individual and family life, a scale on safety and security on the organization, a scale on interpersonal relationship in the organization, a scale on job satisfaction, a scale on organizational policies and management style, a scale on personnel health and well being, a scale on work environment, a scale on remuneration and a scale on organizational support. The data were analyzed PASW software. Results: Results depict that all of the nine qualities of work life studied have significant and positive relationship with work performance where the highest relationship occurred between individual and family life with work performance. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that five factors which are individual and family life, job satisfaction, organization policy and management style, work environment and remuneration are the main contributors to work performance among government agricultural extension employees. Conclusion / Recommendations: From the results gained, it can be concluded that aspect of individual and family life is the highest contributor to work performance among government agriculture extension officer. It can be noted that more courses on how to manage individual and family life should be intensified. A specific counseling department should be established within agriculture agencies in Malaysia. From this study, it is recommended for the future researchers to investigate more on the influence of individual and family life on work performance and work satisfaction in Malaysia