Reconnaissance des entités nommées dans des documents multimodaux

Named entity recognition is a subtask of information extraction. It consists of identifying some textual objects such as person, location and organization names. The work of this thesis focuses on the named entity recognition task for the oral modality. Some difficulties may arise for this task due to the intrinsic characteristics of speech processing (lack of capitalisation marks, lack of punctuation marks, presence of disfluences and of recognition errors...). In the first part, we study the characteristics of the named entity recognition downstream of the automatic speech recognition system. We present a methodology which allows named entity recognition following a hierarchical and compositional taxonomy. We measure the impact of the different phenomena specific to speech on the quality of named entity recognition. In the second part, we propose to study the tight pairing between the speech recognition task and the named entity recognition task. For that purpose, we take away the basic functionnalities of a speech recognition system to turn it into a named entity recognition system. Therefore, by mobilising the inherent knowledge of the speech processing to the named entity recognition task, we ensure a better synergy between the two tasks. We carry out different types of experiments to optimize and evaluate our approach.La Reconnaissance des entités nommées est une sous-tâche de l’activité d’extraction d’information. Elle consiste à identifier certains objetstextuels tels que les noms de personne, d’organisation et de lieu. Le travail de cette thèse se concentre sur la tâche de reconnaissance des entitésnommées pour la modalité orale. Cette tâche pose un certain nombre de difficultés qui sont inhérentes aux caractéristiques intrinsèques du traitementde l’oral (absence de capitalisation, manque de ponctuation, presence de disfluences et d’erreurs de reconnaissance...). Dans un premiertemps, nous étudions les spécificités de la reconnaissance des entités nommées en aval du système de reconnaissance automatique de la parole.Nous présentons une méthode pour la reconnaissance des entités nommées dans les transcription de la parole en adoptant une taxonomie hiérarchique et compositionnelle. Nous mesurons l’impact des différents phénomènes spécifiques à la parole sur la qualité de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans un second temps, nous proposons d’étudier le couplage étroit entre la tâche de transcription de la parole et la tâche de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce but, nous détournons les fonctionnalités de base d’un système de transcription de la parole pour le transformer en un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Ainsi, en mobilisant les connaissances propres au traitement de la parole dans le cadre de la tâche liée à la reconnaissance des entités nommées, nous assurons une plus grande synergie entre ces deux tâches. Nous menons différents types d’expérimentations afin d’optimiser et d’évaluer notre approche

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of freeze-dried dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi fizikalno-kemijska svojstva i antioksidativnu aktivnost devinog obranog kolostruma i mlijeka u prahu obrađenog postupkom liofilizacije. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je obrani prah kolostruma imao veći udio proteina u usporedbi s mlijekom u prahu, koje je s druge strane imalo veći udio laktoze i pepela. Analiza mineralnog sastava pokazala je da su koncentracije kalcija i magnezija veće u obrađenom prahu kolostruma, dok se koncentracija željeza nije bitno razlikovala između obranog kolostruma i mlijeka u prahu. Mjerenja parametara boje pokazala su da je devin kolostrum u prahu crveniji, ali manje žut i bijel od obranog devinog mlijeka u prahu. Nadalje, obrano devino mlijeko u prahu imalo je veću gustoću i veću nasipnu gustoću. Topljivost proteina u obranom kolostrumu u prahu bila je znatno veća nego u obranom mlijeku u prahu, i to u širokom rasponu pH (3-8). Antioksidacijska aktivnosti određivana je korištenjem različitih in vitro testova, uključujući 2,2-difenil-l-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) i 2,2’azino-bis (3-etilbenztiazolin-6-sulfonska kiselina) (ABTS) reducirajuću aktivnost radikala, kao i FRAP metodu te kapacitet keliranja željeza. Antioksidacijska aktivnost obje vrste ispitivanih uzoraka pokazala se ovisnom o ispitivanoj količini uzorka. Aktivnosti redukcije radikala DPPH i ABTS metodama bile su slične za obrani kolostrum i mlijeko u prahu, dok je aktivnost dobivena FRAP metodom te sposobnost keliranja željeza bila izraženija u obranom devinom kolostrumu, bez obzira na ispitivanu koncentraciju. Stoga se postupak liofilizacije može upotrijebiti kao djelotvoran način proizvodnje praha iz obranog devinog kolostruma i mlijeka u prahu s očuvanom hranjivom vrijednosti i antioksidacijskim svojstvima.This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder produced by freeze-drying. Results of the study showed that skim colostrum powder possessed higher protein content compared to milk powder whereas this latter had greater lactose and ash content. The analysis of mineral content revealed that calcium and magnesium levels were higher in skim colostrum powder while the iron level did not differ significantly between skim colostrum and milk powder. The measurements of colour characteristics indicated that dromedary skim colostrum powder was redder, but less yellow and white than dromedary skim milk powder. Further, dromedary skim milk powder had higher bulk density and tapped bulk density. Protein solubility of skim colostrum powder exceeded that of skim milk powder over a wide range of pH (3-8). The antioxidant activities were evaluated using various in vitro tests, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power assay and ferrous chelating activity. Both dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder exhibited antioxidant activities in a dose dependent manner. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were almost similar for skim colostrum and milk powder whereas ferric reducing power and ferrous chelating activity were more pronounced in dromedary skim colostrum powder whatever the concentration tested. Hence, freeze-drying process could be used as an effective tool for producing powder from dromedary skim colostrum and milk with nutritional and antioxidant properties

Revisiting the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Omani Children: A multicentre study

Objectives: This study aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Omani children. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted from December 2011 to December 2018. Data were retrieved from the three main autism diagnostic centres in Oman: Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Royal Hospital and Al-Massarah Hospital. The ASD diagnosis was made by experienced clinicians based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The overall population prevalence estimates per 10,000 children aged 0–14 years old in Oman were calculated using the denominator of the mid-period population data. Results: A total of 1,705 ASD cases were identified with the majority of cases being male (78.1%). The overall prevalence rate of ASD was estimated at 20.35 per 10,000 children (95% confidence interval: 19.39–21.32) between 2012–2018. Boys were found to have a 3.4-fold higher prevalence of ASD than girls (31.23/10,000 versus 9.07/10,000). Regionally, the majority of cases were found in the capital, Muscat, where the highest prevalence was 36.51 cases per 10,000 children. Conclusion: The prevalence of ASD among Omani children is 15-fold higher than estimates from 2011. This increase can be attributed to improvements in diagnostic services, increased awareness of ASD, better screening programmes and changes in diagnostic criteria. In addition, this increase in prevalence suggests a need for a registry of developmental disabilities and more extensive diagnostic and rehabilitation services in Oman.Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Oman

Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user¿s needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option availabl

Stabilization of Arsenic Wastes

HWRIC Project Number HWR 92-09

Importance de la MMP-9 et du VEGF dans le vasculomimétisme et la migration des cellules résistantes du cancer du sein MCF-7

La MMP-9 affecte la survie, la prolifération et la migration cellulaire (MC). En utilisant la lignée résistante (rMCF-7) et sensible (sMCF-7) du cancer du sein, nous avons étudié l expression et le rôle de la MMP-9 dans la MC et le vasculomimétisme (VM). Nous avons montré que les cellules rMCF-7 expriment la MMP-9 de manière constitutive. Cependant, le PMA induit fortement son expression dans les sMCF-7 et rMCF-7. Son expression s accompagne de MC et de VM. L inhibition de l activité MMP-9 abolit la MC et le VM. Alternativement, le traitement des sMCF-7 par la MMP-9 exogène induit la MC mais pas le VM évoquant l implication d un autre facteur que nous avions identifié comme étant le VEGF dont les récepteurs VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 sont abondamment exprimés par les rMCF-7. Nous avons montré, par ailleurs, que l expression de la MMP-9, la MC et le VM sont dépendantes de l activation de PKC et des ERK1/2. Nos résultats montrent que la MMP-9 dont l expression est liée au phénotype MDR1/P-gp, joue un rôle crucial dans la migration des rMCF-7. En revanche, l induction de VM semble dépendre de la MMP-9 et de l activation du VEGF, vraisemblablement via ses récepteurs VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rôle des cytokines pro-inflammatoires, de l'AMPc et des acides gras poly-insaturés dans la régulation de l'expression de la PGHS-2 endothéliale

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Named Entity Recognition in Speech Transcripts following an Extended Taxonomy

International audienceIn this paper, we present a French named entity recognition (NER) system that was first developed as part of our participation in the ETAPE 2012 evaluation campaign and then extended to cover more entity types. The ETAPE 2012 evaluation campaign considers an hierarchical and compositional taxonomy that makes the NER task more complex. We present a multi-level methodology based on conditional random fields (CRFs). With respect to existing systems, our methodology allows a fine-grained annotation. Experiments were conducted using the manually annotated training and evaluation corpora provided by the organizers of the campaign. The obtained results are presented and discussed

Intégration de la reconnaissance des entités nommées au processus de reconnaissance de la parole

International audienceNous nous intéressons à la tâche de reconnaissance des entités nommées pour la modalité orale. Cette tâche pose un certain nombre de difficultés qui sont inhérentes aux caractéristiques intrinsèques du traitement de l'oral (absence de capitalisation, manque de ponctuation, présence de disfluences et d'erreurs de reconnaissance...). Dans ce travail, nous proposons d'étudier le couplage étroit entre la tâche de transcription de la parole et la tâche de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce but, nous détournons les fonctionnalités de base d'un système de transcription de la parole pour le transformer en un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Ainsi, en mobilisant les connaissances propres au traitement de la parole dans le cadre de la tâche liée à la reconnaissance des entités nommées, nous assurons une plus grande synergie entre ces deux tâches. Ceci se traduit par une augmentation significative de la qualité de la reconnaissance des entités nommées d'environ 5 % en termes de SER (Slot Error Rate) comme de F-mesure, par rapport aux résultats obtenus avec l'un des meilleurs systèmes de reconnaissance des entités nommées en parole lorsque celui-ci est utilisé en aval de la tâche de transcription de la parole