Using Statistics in Hydrology for Analyzing the outflow by Minitab ‎Program

الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو فحص استخدام الإحصاء في الهيدرولوجيا لتحليل تصريف التدفق الخارج في سد حديثة. تم استخدام إجمالي بيانات التدفق السنوي لمدة ثلاثين عامًا للفترة من 1991 إلى 2020. تم إنشاء معادلة رياضية لوظائف التوزيع الاحتمالي للبيانات. واستخدامت ثلاثة اختبارات هي Anderson-Darling و Ryan- Joiner) و Kolmogorov- Smirno) للتحقق من صحة البيانات، وقد تم إخضاع القيم المتوقعة لاختبار ملاءمة مثل kolmogorov-smirnov لتحديد التوزيع المناسب للبيانات. حسب اختبار K-s التوزيعات مناسبة للبيانات، لذا فإن جميع التوزيعات المجهزة كانت نموذجية للبيانات المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة بالاعتماد على اختبارK-SThe purpose of this study is to examine using statistics in hydrology for analyzing outflow discharge in Hadith Dam. Total annual outflow data of thirty years for period from 1991to 2020 were used. Mathematical equation for the probability distribution functions were established for the data. Three tests were used, namely (Anderson-Darling, Ryan- Joiner Similar to Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov- Smirnov) to check the normality of the data; the predicted values were subjected to goodness of fit tests such as kolmogorov-smirnov to determine the distribution which is suitable for the data. Depending on the kolomogrov-smirnov (k-s) index, the distributions were suitable for the data, therefore, all the fitted distributions were typical for the data that were used in this paper depending on (k-s) index

Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter Based on Two Compensation Strategies with PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers

Industrial designs have tremendously changed within the last decade, with its time and nonlinear variation loads in power frameworks spectrum expanding widely. This revolution has resulted in increased quality control problems such as current unbalance, current and voltage harmonics, flicker and poor power factor in control frameworks. The aim of this paper is to address this problem through the development of Synchronous Reference Frame and Reactive Power (SRF and P-Q) control methods. The DC voltage was regulated to its set reference for providing the current reference using proportional-Integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers. From the results, Fuzzy logic control was shown to achieve an adequate DC capacitor energy storage optimization, the sinusoidal type of the current and the change of the power factor. A low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) that met the suggestions of IEEE- 519 standard on symphonious levels was achieved with the proposed method

Morfološke značajke krvnih stanica u klinički zdravih odraslih ljama (Lama glama).

Morphological characteristics, including numeration, differentiation and features of blood cells were determined in ten male and ten female clinically normal adult llamas. Haematological parameters included: erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, erythrocyte indices, reticulocyte count, platelet count, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count. It appeared that llama haemogram was characterized by the presence of numerous but small erythrocytes, high total leukocyte count and a high number of mainly immature eosinophils. Unique cellular morphological characteristics commonly observed in May-Grunwald-Giemsa stained blood smears were: folded erythrocytes, Cabot’s rings, hypersegmented neutrophil nuclei, granular lymphocytes and immature eosinophils.U 10 muških i 10 ženskih klinički zdravih odraslih ljama određivane su morfološke značajke, broj, razlike i osebujnost krvnih stanica. Određivan je broj eritrocita, koncentracija hemoglobina, hematokrit, obilježja eritrocita, broj retikulocita, broj trombocita, ukupni broj leukocita i diferenciranost leukocita. Čini se da je za hemogram ljama karakterističan velik broj eritrocita male veličine, zatim velik ukupni broj leukocita i velik broj uglavnom nezrelih eozinofila. Jedinstvene morfološke značajke stanica, promatrane u krvnim razmascima obojenima po May-Grünwald-Giemsi, bile su naborani eritrociti, Cabotovi prsteni, hipersegmentirane jezgre neutrofila, granulirani limfociti i nezreli eozinofili

Hydrochemical processes determining the groundwater quality for irrigation use in an arid environment: The case of Liwa Aquifer, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

© 2018 Evaluation of groundwater quality is very important in arid regions like United Arab Emirates where high evaporation rates and absence of present-day recharge coupled with increasing groundwater extraction may limit its use for irrigation purposes. The liwa aquifer in Abu Dhabi Emirate is known for its intensive agriculture activities which depend on groundwater exploitation. The objective of the study was to determine the hydrochemical processes governing the groundwater chemistry, evaluation of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation use. In the present study, 41 groundwater samples were collected from Liwa area in Abu Dhabi and analyzed for various physiochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO3−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3- and heavy metals. Electrical conductivity varies between 328 and 3003 uS/cm with an average value of 1478.5 uS/cm. Results show that changes in the groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering, to some extent evaporation and agricultural activities. The sodium ion was the main cation with an average value of 2923.2 mg/L, while the chloride ion was the dominant anion with an average value of 5670.8 mg/L. The water in the study area is mostly saline due to the dominance of these two ions. According to piper diagram, the main groundwater type in the study area was Na-Cl-SO4 type. The suitability for agriculture use was assessed using sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium concentration (RSC), Kelley\u27s ratio, and magnesium hazard. Results showed that the groundwater quality in the study area is not suitable for irrigation

Deciphering the therapeutic potential of trimetazidine in rheumatoid arthritis via targeting mi-RNA128a, TLR4 signaling pathway, and adenosine-induced FADD-microvesicular shedding: In vivo and in silico study

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune condition characterized by chronic synovitis, joint damage, and inflammation, leading to impaired joint functionality. Existing RA treatments, although effective to some extent, are not without side effects, prompting a search for more potent therapies. Recent research has revealed the critical role of FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD) microvesicular shedding in RA pathogenesis, expanding its scope beyond apoptosis to include inflammatory and immune pathways. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship between mi-RNA 128a, autoimmune and inflammatory pathways, and adenosine levels in modulating FADD expression and microvesicular shedding in a Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced RA rat model and further explore the antirheumatoid potency of trimetazidine (TMZ). The FCA treated model exhibited significantly elevated levels of serum fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological and rheumatological diagnostic markers, confirming successful RA induction. Our results revealed that the FCA-induced RA model showed a significant reduction in the expression of FADD in paw tissue and increased microvesicular FADD shedding in synovial fluid, which was attributed to the significant increase in the expression of the epigenetic miRNA 128a gene in addition to the downregulation of adenosine levels. These findings were further supported by the significant activation of the TLR4/MYD88 pathway and its downstream inflammatory IkB/NFB markers. Interestingly, TMZ administration significantly improved, with a potency similar to methotrexate (MTX), the deterioration effect of FCA treatment, as evidenced by a significant attenuation of fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological, and rheumatological markers. Our investigations indicated that TMZ uniquely acted by targeting epigenetic miRNA128a expression and elevating adenosine levels in paw tissue, leading to increased expression of FADD of paw tissue and mitigated FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. Furthermore, the group treated with TMZ showed significant downregulation of TLR4/MYD88 and their downstream TRAF6, IRAK and NF-kB. Together, our study unveils the significant potential of TMZ as an antirheumatoid candidate, offering anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of the FADD-epigenetic regulator mi-RNA 128a, adenosine levels, and the TLR4 signaling pathway in joint tissue, but also attenuation of FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. These findings further highlight the synergistic administration of TMZ and MTX as a potential approach to reduce adverse effects of MTX while improving therapeutic efficacy.Peer Reviewe

Association between Multimorbidity and COVID-19 Mortality in Qatar: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study assessed the association between multimorbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa region, where such data are scarce. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data of all cases with COVID-19 reported to the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar from March to September 2020. Data on pre-existing comorbidities were collected using a questionnaire and multimorbidity was defined as having at least two comorbidities. Proportions of deaths were compared by comorbidity and multimorbidity status and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out. A total of 92,426 participants with a mean age of 37.0 years (SD 11.0) were included. Mortality due to COVID-19 was associated with gastrointestinal diseases (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.16–8.30), respiratory diseases (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.57–5.26), neurological diseases (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.19–5.54), diabetes (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.24–2.61), and CVD (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.03–2.22). COVID-19 mortality was strongly associated with increasing multimorbidity; one comorbidity (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.28–3.12), two comorbidities (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.79–4.38), three comorbidities (aOR 6.0, 95% 3.34–10.86) and four or more comorbidities (aOR 4.15, 95% 1.3–12.88). This study demonstrates a strong association between COVID-19 mortality and multimorbidity in Qatar

A meta-review of meta-analyses and an updated meta-analysis on the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID19 infection

Objective: To synthesize the findings presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as to update the evidence using a meta-analysis in evaluating the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ with or without Azithromycin for the treatment of COVID19 infection.Methods: The design of this meta-review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Systematic Reviews including harms checklist (PRIO-harms). A comprehensive search included several electronic databases in identifying all systematic reviews and metaanalyses as well as experimental studies which investigated the efficacy and safety of CQ, HCQ with or without antibiotics as COVID19 treatment. Findings from the systematic reviews and meta-analyses were reported using a structured summary including tables and forest plots. The updated meta-analysis of experimental studies was carried out using the distributional assumption-free quality effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool for reviews and the MethodologicAl STandard for Epidemiological Research (MASTER) scale for the experimental studies. The main outcome for both the meta-review and the updated meta-analysis was mortality. Secondary outcomes included transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or mechanical ventilation, worsening of illness, viral clearance and the occurrence of adverse events. Results: A total of 13 reviews with 40 primary studies comprising 113,000 participants were included. Most of the primary studies were observational (n=27) and the rest were experimental studies. Two meta-analyses reported a high risk of mortality with similar ORs of 2.5 for HCQ with Azithromycin. However, four other meta-analyses reported contradictory results with two reporting a high risk of mortality and the other two reporting no significant association between HCQ with mortality. Most reviews reported that HCQ with or without Azithromycin had no significant effect on virological cure, disease exacerbation or the risk of transfer to the ICU, need for intubation or mechanical ventilation. After exclusion of studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria, the updated meta-analysis contained eight experimental studies (7 RCTs and 1 quasiexperimental trial), with a total of 5279 participants of whom 1856 were on either CQ/HCQ or combined with Azithromycin. CQ/HCQ with or without Azithromycin was significantly associated with a higher risk of adverse events. HCQ was not effective in reducing mortality transfer to the ICU, intubation or need for mechanical ventilation virological cure (RR 1.0, 95%CI 0.9-1.2, I2 =55%, n=5 studies) nor disease exacerbation (RR 1.2, 95%CI 0.3-5.0, I2 =29%, n=3 studies). Conclusion: There is conclusive evidence that CQ and HCQ, with or without Azithromycin are not effective in treating COVID-19 or its exacerbation

Deciphering the therapeutic potential of trimetazidine in rheumatoid arthritis via targeting mi-RNA128a, TLR4 signaling pathway, and adenosine-induced FADD-microvesicular shedding: In vivo and in silico study

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune condition characterized by chronic synovitis, joint damage, and inflammation, leading to impaired joint functionality. Existing RA treatments, although effective to some extent, are not without side effects, prompting a search for more potent therapies. Recent research has revealed the critical role of FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD) microvesicular shedding in RA pathogenesis, expanding its scope beyond apoptosis to include inflammatory and immune pathways. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship between mi-RNA 128a, autoimmune and inflammatory pathways, and adenosine levels in modulating FADD expression and microvesicular shedding in a Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced RA rat model and further explore the antirheumatoid potency of trimetazidine (TMZ). The FCA treated model exhibited significantly elevated levels of serum fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological and rheumatological diagnostic markers, confirming successful RA induction. Our results revealed that the FCA-induced RA model showed a significant reduction in the expression of FADD in paw tissue and increased microvesicular FADD shedding in synovial fluid, which was attributed to the significant increase in the expression of the epigenetic miRNA 128a gene in addition to the downregulation of adenosine levels. These findings were further supported by the significant activation of the TLR4/MYD88 pathway and its downstream inflammatory IkB/NFB markers. Interestingly, TMZ administration significantly improved, with a potency similar to methotrexate (MTX), the deterioration effect of FCA treatment, as evidenced by a significant attenuation of fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological, and rheumatological markers. Our investigations indicated that TMZ uniquely acted by targeting epigenetic miRNA128a expression and elevating adenosine levels in paw tissue, leading to increased expression of FADD of paw tissue and mitigated FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. Furthermore, the group treated with TMZ showed significant downregulation of TLR4/MYD88 and their downstream TRAF6, IRAK and NF-kB. Together, our study unveils the significant potential of TMZ as an antirheumatoid candidate, offering anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of the FADD-epigenetic regulator mi-RNA 128a, adenosine levels, and the TLR4 signaling pathway in joint tissue, but also attenuation of FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. These findings further highlight the synergistic administration of TMZ and MTX as a potential approach to reduce adverse effects of MTX while improving therapeutic efficacy

The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery - a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aims to estimate the prevalence and longevity of detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T and B memory cells after recovery. In addition, the prevalence of COVID-19 reinfection and the preventive efficacy of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 were investigated. A synthesis of existing research was conducted. The Cochrane Library, the China Academic Journals Full Text Database, PubMed, and Scopus, and preprint servers were searched for studies conducted between 1 January 2020 to 1 April 2021. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality and pooled estimates of relevant outcomes were obtained in a meta-analysis using a bias adjusted synthesis method. Proportions were synthesized with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation and binary outcomes using the odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I and Cochran's Q statistics and publication bias was assessed using Doi plots. Fifty-four studies from 18 countries, with around 12,000,000 individuals, followed up to 8 months after recovery, were included. At 6-8 months after recovery, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunological memory remained high; IgG - 90.4% (95%CI 72.2-99.9, I = 89.0%), CD4+ - 91.7% (95%CI 78.2-97.1y), and memory B cells 80.6% (95%CI 65.0-90.2) and the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 0.2% (95%CI 0.0-0.7, I = 98.8). Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 had an 81% reduction in odds of a reinfection (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.1-0.3, I = 90.5%). Around 90% of recovered individuals had evidence of immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2, at 6-8 months after recovery and had a low risk of reinfection