Transfer of malignant traits as opposed to migration of cells: A novel concept to explain metastatic disease

Abstract Metastatic disease is believed to develop following dissemination of cells to target organs. Inability of this theory to effectively explain certain phenomena such as patterns of metastatic spread, late metastasis formation, different gene patterns between primary cancer and metastasis have brought forward the need for alternative models. Recent discoveries have strengthened the validity of theories supporting a humoral transfer of malignant traits as opposed to migration of malignant cells to explain metastatic disease in cancer patients. In light of this new evidence, we would like to highlight a model that offers a new perspective to explain cancer metastasis. In the system that we theorize, genetic material released by cancer cells would travel, either free or packed in exosomes, through the blood. Target cells located in organs deriving from the same embryological layer might uptake this genetic material due to expression of specific receptors. Interplay with the immune system would determine the fate of these oncofactors and would regulate their ability to circulate in the blood, integrate in the genome and be transcribed. We also hypothesize that the expression of cell membrane receptors such as integrins, to which cancer exosomes ligate might be mediated by inherited or acquired oncosuppressor mutations

Plasma Kallikrein Mediates Retinal Vascular Dysfunction and Induces Retinal Thickening in Diabetic Rats

Objective: Plasma kallikrein (PK) has been identified in vitreous fluid obtained from individuals with diabetic retinopathy and has been implicated in contributing to retinal vascular dysfunction. In this report, we examined the effects of PK on retinal vascular functions and thickness in diabetic rats. Research Design and Methods: We investigated the effects of a selective PK inhibitor, ASP-440, and C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), the primary physiological inhibitor of PK, on retinal vascular permeability (RVP) and hemodynamics in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The effect of intravitreal PK injection on retinal thickness was examined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: Systemic continuous administration of ASP-440 for 4 weeks initiated at the time of diabetes onset inhibited RVP by 42% (P = 0.013) and 83% (P < 0.001) at doses of 0.25 and 0.6 mg/kg per day, respectively. Administration of ASP-440 initiated 2 weeks after the onset of diabetes ameliorated both RVP and retinal blood flow abnormalities in diabetic rats measured at 4 weeks’ diabetes duration. Intravitreal injection of C1-INH similarly decreased impaired RVP in rats with 2 weeks’ diabetes duration. Intravitreal injection of PK increased both acute RVP and sustained focal RVP (24 h postinjection) to a greater extent in diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic control rats. Intravitreal injection of PK increased retinal thickness compared with baseline to a greater extent (P = 0.017) in diabetic rats (from 193 $\pm$ 10 $\mu$m to 223 $\pm$ 13 $\mu$m) compared with nondiabetic rats (from 182 $\pm$ 8 $\mu$m to 193 $\pm$ 9 $\mu$m). Conclusions: These results show that PK contributes to retinal vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats and that the combination of diabetes and intravitreal injection of PK in rats induces retinal thickening

Circulating tumor DNA tracking through driver mutations as a liquid biopsy-based biomarker for uveal melanoma

© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults. Despite good primary tumor control, up to 50% of patients develop metastasis, which is lethal. UM often presents asymptomatically and is usually diagnosed by clinical examination and imaging, making it one of the few cancer types diagnosed without a biopsy. Hence, alternative diagnostic tools are needed. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has shown potential as a liquid biopsy target for cancer screening and monitoring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of ctDNA detection in UM using specific UM gene mutations. Methods: We used the highly sensitive digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay to quantify UM driver mutations (GNAQ, GNA11, PLCβ4 and CYSTLR2) in cell-free DNA (cfDNA). cfDNA was analyzed in six well established human UM cell lines with known mutational status. cfDNA was analyzed in the blood and aqueous humor of an UM rabbit model and in the blood of patients. Rabbits were inoculated with human UM cells into the suprachoroidal space, and mutated ctDNA was quantified from longitudinal peripheral blood and aqueous humor draws. Blood clinical specimens were obtained from primary UM patients (n = 14), patients presenting with choroidal nevi (n = 16) and healthy individuals (n = 15). Results: The in vitro model validated the specificity and accuracy of ddPCR to detect mutated cfDNA from UM cell supernatant. In the rabbit model, plasma and aqueous humor levels of ctDNA correlated with tumor growth. Notably, the detection of ctDNA preceded clinical detection of the intraocular tumor. In human specimens, while we did not detect any trace of ctDNA in healthy controls, we detected ctDNA in all UM patients. We observed that UM patients had significantly higher levels of ctDNA than patients with nevi, with a strong correlation between ctDNA levels and malignancy. Noteworthy, in patients with nevi, the levels of ctDNA highly correlated with the presence of clinical risk factors. Conclusions: We report, for the first time, compelling evidence from in vitro assays, and in vivo animal model and clinical specimens for the potential of mutated ctDNA as a biomarker of UM progression. These findings pave the way towards the implementation of a liquid biopsy to detect and monitor UM tumors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bmi1 Is Down-Regulated in the Aging Brain and Displays Antioxidant and Protective Activities in Neurons

Aging increases the risk to develop several neurodegenerative diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Inactivation of the Polycomb group gene Bmi1 in mice results in growth retardation, cerebellar degeneration, and development of a premature aging-like phenotype. This progeroid phenotype is characterized by formation of lens cataracts, apoptosis of cortical neurons, and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, owing to p53-mediated repression of antioxidant response (AOR) genes. Herein we report that Bmi1 expression progressively declines in the neurons of aging mouse and human brains. In old brains, p53 accumulates at the promoter of AOR genes, correlating with a repressed chromatin state, down-regulation of AOR genes, and increased oxidative damages to lipids and DNA. Comparative gene expression analysis further revealed that aging brains display an up-regulation of the senescence-associated genes IL-6, p19Arf and p16Ink4a, along with the pro-apoptotic gene Noxa, as seen in Bmi1-null mice. Increasing Bmi1 expression in cortical neurons conferred robust protection against DNA damage-induced cell death or mitochondrial poisoning, and resulted in suppression of ROS through activation of AOR genes. These observations unveil that Bmi1 genetic deficiency recapitulates aspects of physiological brain aging and that Bmi1 over-expression is a potential therapeutic modality against neurodegeneration

Effect of sulfuric acid and leaching on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) emergence in a saline-alkali soil

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Récepteur 5-HT1A des lymphocytes : surexpression et rôle fonctionnel dans la régulation de la survie et de la prolifération des cellules activées

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.Le système immunitaire contribue au maintien de l'intégrité de l'organisme en s'opposant à la pénétration d'agents extérieurs, en particulier des agents infectieux, et en éliminant les cellules malignes. L'activation des cellules du système immunitaire met en jeu plusieurs mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire, incluant la translocation nucléaire du facteur de transcription ubiquitaire, NF-KB. Celui-ci joue un rôle important dans les réponses immunes et inflammatoires, et particulièrement dans la prolifération et la survie des lymphocytes T et B. Le fonctionnement du système immunitaire est fortement régulé par les interactions entre les diverses cellules de ce système, et par l'action des anticorps et des cytokines. De plus, il existe des communications bidirectionnelles entre le système immunitaire et le système neuro-endocrinien par l'intermédiaire des neurotransmetteurs, hormones et cytokines qui agissent sur leurs récepteurs spécifiques. Les organes lymphoïdes primaires et secondaires sont innervés par des terminaisons nerveuses qui libèrent des neurotransmetteurs qui sont impliqués dans le contrôle de la différenciation, la prolifération et le fonctionnement des cellules immunitaires. En l'occurrence, la sérotonine est colibérée avec la noradrénaline au niveau des terminaisons nerveuses innervant les organes lymphoïdes primaires et secondaires. Les plaquettes, les mastocytes (chez les rongeurs), les monocytes et les lymphocytes T activés sont aussi des sources importantes de sérotonine au niveau des organes lymphoïdes et des sites inflammatoires. Plusieurs études suggèrent l'implication du système sérotoninergique dans la régulation de la réponse immunitaire. Cependant, les récepteurs impliqués dans ces effets ne sont pas encore bien caractérisés. Dans la présente étude, notre but était de caractériser le récepteur 5-HTiA des lymphocytes B et T, ses fonctions, et ses mécanismes de signalisation cellulaire. Les objectifs spécifiques étaient: (i) étudier et comparer l'expression du récepteur 5-HTiA dans les lymphocytes T et B avant et après activation par des mitogènes; (ii) évaluer le rôle du facteur de transcription NF-KB dans la régulation de l'expression du récepteur 5-HTiA des lymphocytes; (iii) étudier le rôle du récepteur 5-HTiA dans la régulation de la proliferation et la survie des lymphocytes; et (iv) évaluer l'implication du facteur de transcription NF-KB dans les mécanismes de transduction du signal du récepteur 5-HTiA des lymphocytes. Les résultats montrent que les lymphocytes T et B expriment faiblement l'ARN messager 5-HTiA, et le niveau d'expression est fortement augmenté après activation mitogénique. Les niveaux d'expression du 5-HTiA sont comparables chez les deux populations de lymphocytes. Les mitogènes n'influencent pas la stabilité de l'ARN messager 5-HTiA, mais son induction est bloquée par l'actinomycine D, et par les inhibiteurs du NF-KB. De plus, l'expression membranaire de la protéine 5-HTiA augmente après stimulation mitogénique, en parallèle avec l'augmentation de la transcription de l'ARN messager. D'autres part, les agonistes sélectifs 5-HTiA augmentent la prolifération et la survie des lymphocytes activés; ils inhibent la mort des lymphocytes par apoptose, en association avec une augmentation de la translocation du NF-KB dans le noyau. Ainsi, le facteur de transcription NF-KB joue un rôle central dans la surexpression du récepteur 5-HTiA et dans la transmission des signaux de ce récepteur dans l'amélioration de la survie et l'augmentation de la prolifération des lymphocytes activés. Ces résultats suggèrent que le récepteur 5-HTiA des lymphocytes joue un rôle dans l'amplification des réponses immunes et inflammatoires, ce qui en fait une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour moduler l'immunité

Brain Cancer Stem Cells: Current Status on Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor of astrocytic/neural stem cell origin, represents one of the most incurable cancers. GBM tumors are highly heterogeneous. However, most tumors contain a subpopulation of cells that display neural stem cell characteristics in vitro and that can generate a new brain tumor upon transplantation in mice. Hence, previously identified molecular pathways regulating neural stem cell biology were found to represent the cornerstone of GBM stem cell self-renewal mechanism. GBM tumors are also notorious for their resistance to radiation therapy. Notably, GBM “cancer stem cells” were also found to be responsible for this radioresistance. Herein, we will analyze the data supporting or not the cancer stem cell model in GBM, overview the current knowledge regarding GBM stem cell self-renewal and radioresistance molecular mechanisms, and discuss the potential therapeutic application of these findings