Response of Silybum marianum plant to irrigation intervals combined with fertilization

Hendawy SF, Hussein MS, Youssef AA, El-Mergawi RA. 2013. Response of Silybum marianum plant to irrigation intervals combined with fertilization. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 21-28. This study was investigated to evaluate the influence of different kinds of organic and bio fertilization under different irrigation intervals on the growth, production and chemical constituents of Sylibium marianum plant. Data indicated that all studied growth and yield characters were significantly affected by the duration of irrigation intervals. Fertilizer treatments had a primitive effect on growth and yield characters. The interaction between irrigation intervals and fertilizer treatments has a clear considerable effect on growth and yield characters. The obtained results indicated the favorable effect of organic and bio fertilizers which reduce the harmful effect of water stress. Different treatments had a pronounced effect on silymarin content

Synthesis and structure confirmation of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole and 2,3,4-trisubstituted thiazole as thiazolium bromide salts

The synthesis of 4-substituted 2-(2-arylhydrazinyl)thiazol-3-ium bromides and 4-aryl-2-(substituted amino)-3-(phenylamino)thiazol-3-ium bromide derivatives in high yields from the interaction of mono- and di-substituted thiosemicarbazides with phenacyl bromide derivatives is reported. The synthesized products have been elucidated using various spectroscopic tools such as IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Also the structure of three of the obtained compounds have been confirmed using X-ray crystallographic analyses, which showed that compounds 2-[2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazinyl]-4-phenylthiazol-3-ium bromide and 4-phenyl-2,3-bis(phenylamino)thiazol-3-ium bromide crystals have a monoclinic shape and belonged to space groupP2(1)/c, whereas the crystals of 4-phenyl-2-(2-tosylhydrazinyl)thiazol-3-ium bromide show an orthorhombic shape with the space groupPbca [GRAPHICS] .Peer reviewe

Eschenmoser-Coupling Reaction Furnishes Diazenyl-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione Derivatives

Diazenyl 1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-thione derivatives were synthesized in good yields via Eschenmoser-coupling reaction and nucleophilic attack between 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (p-CHL). The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, NMR and mass spectral data as well as single crystal X-ray analysis.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and crystallographic evaluation of diazenyl- and hydrazothiazoles. [5.5] sigmatropic rearrangement and formation of thiazolium bromide dihydrate derivatives

In this investigation the synthesis of diazenylthiazoles (3a-e) by the reaction of arylthiosemicarbazides with omega-bromoacetophenones via Eschenmoser-coupling reaction in acetonitrile and equimolar amounts of triethylamine and triphenylphosphine. Upon heating 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides with omega-bromoacetophenones in absolute ethanol, hydrazothiazoles (16a-i) were precipitated. On the other hand, the reaction of arylthiosemicarbazides with omega-bromoacetophenones in refluxing ethanol yielded 2-amino-5-[4-aminophenyl]-4-phenylthiazolium bromide dihydrate derivatives (19a-g) via [5.5] sigmatropic shift. The studied products were further characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and mass spectrometry. X-ray single crystal of 3a and 16h showed that, the molecules crystallized in the triclinic crystal system, space group P2(1)/c. Whereas the X-ray single crystal of 19b showed the molecule crystalized in orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). In the crystal of 19b, the lattice water and bromide ion associated through hydrogen bonded with thiazole-NH2. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of epithiomethanoiminoindeno[1,2-b]furan-3-carbonitrile : heterocyclic [3.3.3]propellanes

Synthesis of heteropropellanes in one step: the reaction between dicyanomethylene-1,3-indanedione (CNIND) and N-substituted-2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides, furnished (3aR,8bS,Z)-2-amino-9-substituted-10-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-oxo-4H-3a,8b-(epithiomethanoimino)indeno[1,2-b]furan-3-carbonitrile as a type of (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono[3.3.3]propellanes in good yields as single diastereomers. Structure determination and confirmation of the synthesized products have been achieved using various and modern spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR (H-1 NMR and(13)C NMR), mass spectrometry, as well as X-ray crystal analysis. The X-ray structure data cleared that the molecule of7awas crystalized as monoclinic, space group C2/c (no.15). [GRAPHICS] .Peer reviewe

Reactivity of 2-substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides towards tetracyanoethylene and convenient synthesis of (5-amino-2-diazenylthiazolylmethylene) malononitrile derivatives

2-{Amino-[5-amino-2-(substituted diazenyl) thiazol-4-yl] methylene} malononitriles were synthesized from the reaction of 2-substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to give tetracyanoethane adduct, followed by heterocyclization afforded the target compounds. The structure of (E)-2-{amino-[5-amino-2-(phenyldiazenyl) thiazol-4-yl] methylene} malononitrile was supported by single crystal X-ray crystallography.Peer reviewe

Convenient diastereoselective synthesis of annulated 3-substituted-(5S*,6S*,Z)-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-5,6-diphenyl-1,3-thiazinan-4-ones

Racemic 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-5,6-diphenyl-1,3-thiazinan-4-ones and (Z)-N '-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2,3-diphenylacrylohydrazide were formed during the diastereoselective reaction between 4-substituted 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)thiosemicarbazides and 2,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-enone under refluxing ethanol. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analyses. [GRAPHICS] .Peer reviewe

A convenient and efficient synthesis of thiazolidin-4-ones via cyclization of substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides

2-Substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides and N ,2-disubstituted hydrazinecarbothioamides react in high yield with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to give 4-oxo-Z-(thiazolidin-5-ylidene) acetate derivatives. Several mechanistic options involving interaction are presented. The structures of thiazolidin-4-ones have been unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. (C) 2014 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.Peer reviewe

Azides in the Synthesis of Various Heterocycles

In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C−H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides

Assessing Drought Tolerance of Newly Developed Tissue-Cultured Canola Genotypes under Varying Irrigation Regimes

This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses[Abstract] Drought is a major abiotic stress that greatly affects canola growth, production, and quality. Moreover, water scarcity is projected to be more severe and frequent as a result of climate change, in particular in arid environments. Thereupon, developing drought-tolerant and high-yielding canola genotypes has become more critical to sustaining its production and ensuring global food security with the continuing population growth. In the present study, ten canola genotypes comprising six developed tissue-cultured canola genotypes, two exotic genotypes, and two commercial cultivars were evaluated under four irrigation regimes. The applied irrigation regimes were well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration, ETc), mild drought (80% ETc), moderate drought (60% ETc), and severe drought (40% ETc) conditions. Drought-stress treatments (80, 60, and 40% ETc) gradually reduced the chlorophyll content, relative water content, flowering time, days to maturity, plant height, number of pods, number of branches, seed yield, and oil percentage, and increased proline, phenolic, anthocyanin, and glycine betaine contents. The evaluated genotypes exhibited varied responses to drought-stress conditions. The developed tissue-cultured genotypes T2, T3, and T1, as well as exotic genotype Torpe, possessed the highest performance in all evaluated parameters and surpassed the other tested genotypes under water-deficit conditions. Overall, our findings elicited the superiority of certain newly developed tissue-cultured genotypes and exotic ones compared with commercial cultivars, which could be exploited in canola breeding under water-deficit conditions.This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD-2023R730), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaKing Saud University (Riad, Arabia Saudí); RSPD-2023R73