Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices: a review

Diabetes is a growing chronic disease that affect millions of people in the world. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients is necessary to keep the disease under control. Current methods of blood glucose monitoring devices are typically invasive, causing discomfort to the patients. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices are a possible game changer for diabetic patients as it reduces discomfort and provides continuous monitoring. This manuscript presents a review of non-invasive glucose biosensors with particular focus on leading technologies available in the market, such as microwave sensing, near-infrared spectroscopy, iontophoresis, and optical methods. This paper intends to describe non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biological fluids (sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, urine), highlighting the advantages and drawbacks in latest device development. This review also discusses future trends of glucose detection devices and how it will improve patients’ quality of lif

Investigation into Smart Healthcare Monitoring System in an IoT Environment

Continuous monitoring of progress of a clinical trial is known as health monitoring. It is to assure compliance with policy, best clinical practice, regulatory norms, and standard operating procedures. Monitoring is vital in several health settings. This creates an environment where physician and patient can engage. The doctor may also be up to date with the current patient’s health status. Sensor initialization is this system's first stage. This project includes of many sensor kinds such as blood pressure sensor, temperature sensor, pulse rate sensor. The sensor is then connected to the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ which transmits a signal over the internet allowing the doctor to interact with patient data. All sensor data is stored in a cloud database. If the sensor value exceeds the threshold sensor value and the alert email is sent to the doctor and caretaker, then a precautionary notification is sent to the patient. Doctor and patient can interact through a user application where the doctor can even write the patient's prescription. This approach can monitor several patients in severe conditions and save time. This project provides low-cost monitoring from one's home. This is a secure and reliable project that helps patients worldwide

Machine learning facemask detection models for COVID-19

With the breakout of the global pandemic known as COVID-19 it has forever changed ways of doing everyday things. Moreover, the discovery of new variants it has compelled regulatory authorities make the use of face mask in public places mandatory. Public places such as the public transport, shopping mall and universities where crowds of people come into contact with one another. It further exacerbates the issue by confining the masses in an indoor premise. As part of the enforcing the mandatory sop protocol work force or manpower is allocated that serve as gatekeepers to ensure the use of face mask. Due to the number of people at public places it increases the probability of human error. The solution is to incorporate the use of Artificial Intelligence that would use effective machine learning models to train and develop an effective and accurate facemask detection system. This study takes note of the existing system and develops one using the open-source library called TensorFlow to provide it with different variations of datasets that would simulate real world scenarios. With the implementation of the face mask detection system, it aims to replace manpower and allow artificial intelligence to conduct unsupervised operation that would be more efficient and effective

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels allows for active and better management of diabetics. In this work, we present a radio frequency (RF) sensor based on a stepped impedance resonator for remote blood glucose monitoring. When placed on top of a human hand, this RF interdigital sensor allows detection of variation in blood sugar levels by monitoring the changes in the dielectric constant of the material underneath. The designed stepped impedance resonator operates at 3.528 GHz with a Q factor of 1455. A microfluidic device structure that imitates the blood veins in the human hand was fabricated in PDMS to validate that the sensor can measure changes in glucose concentrations. To test the RF sensor, glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 240 mg/dL were injected into the fluidic channels and placed underneath the RF sensor. The shifts in the resonance frequencies of the RF sensor were measured using a network analyzer via its S-11 parameters. Based on the change in resonance frequencies, the sensitivity of the biosensor was found to be 264.2 kHz/mg center dot dL(-1) and its LOD was calculated to be 29.89 mg/dL

Analysis and Design of Low Power Consumption 8T and 10T Full Adder CMOS Technology

All designers and engineers are familiar with the significance of adder subsystems. Therefore, engineers continue to perform research on them by integrating creative design ideas to boost the speed of the circuit and decrease its power consumption. In numerous digital data processing applications, such as microprocessors, and digital signal processors, adder logic cells are utilized. To implement Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) design techniques, many logic styles are employed. One example is the full adder, which is at the heart of every central processing unit and is essential to the way every type of computer processor works. In this paper, a design of 8 transistors and 10 transistors was developed using DSCH 3.5. Full adders are fundamental components of the ALU, which is the microprocessors' and Digital Signal Processing's logical and arithmetic unit. The Micro wind 3.5 tool is used to conduct simulation of the generated full adder design while operating at room temperature. The proposed 8T design shows 71.742μW power consumption, the time delay is O.880ns and has 1.15 GHZ speed. The lOT design has less power consumption than 8T design. According to the findings of the investigation, the 8T design demonstrates superior speed efficiency and reduced power consumption when compared to the lOT design methodologies that were taken into consideration

Design of mobile application for SME business sustainability during post Covid-19

— In the 21st century, mobile and portable devices have become an integral part of people's lives, assisting them in managing daily tasks, whether for work or personal reasons. Furthermore, this technology will benefit people, particularly those who run small to medium-sized businesses (SMEs), by allowing them to manage their firms’ using smartphones and other portable devices from anywhere and at any time. However, many SMEs in Malaysia do not own a mobile app. During this Covid-19 pandemic, the country's economic growth rate has slowed. It has impacted negatively on all types of businesses on a massive scale. Several major retailers have temporarily closed their doors. Aside from that, poor footfalls are causing problems for medium and small-sized enterprises. They have entirely lost their businesses due to the absence of a mobile app. They might still earn profits if they had their smartphone app because the delivery sectors were still operating as usual. The primary purpose of this study is to create importance of using electronic commerce mobile applications among SME business owners. This ecommerce mobile application was developed using Android studio with Kotlin programming language. UI of this application was designed with simple widget and layout. Google Firebase platform was connected to Android studio application which is used to store user details and verify whenever user try to logi