Seismicity and Seismotectonics of the Western Lake Ontario Region

The western Lake Ontario region, a traditionally perceived area of low seismic risk, is densely populated and is home to, among other critical facilities, the nuclear reactors of Pickering and Darlington. These and other characteristics of the region call for improved estimates of seismic hazard. Due to a lack of understanding of the causative geological sources and recurrence characteristics of the reported seismic activity, there is considerable uncertainty regarding estimated ground motion parameters, a fundamental component of seismic hazard assessments. To attempt to improve the definition of the seismic source zones and, consequently, seismic hazard assessments, the hypocentres of about 30 local earthquakes were recomputed. A new data compilation, based on the revised locations or those with the least travel-time residuals, shows that local microearthquakes (ML"3.5) generally occur along, or at the intersection of, prominent aeromagnetic or gravity anomalies. A notable seismicity trend extends in a northeast-southwest direction between Toronto and Hamilton, and is bounded by magnetic lineaments. A major geological structure, the Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone (CMBBZ), coincides with a strong aeromagnetic anomaly which extends to the northeast into the Western Québec Seismic Zone. This magnetic lineament also extends to the south, across Lake Ontario, to join the Akron (Ohio) magnetic boundary that was associated with several historical earthquakes and with a mb=4.9 earthquake in 1986. Most of the seismic events recorded instrumentally in the 20th century have occurred within a depth range of 5 to 20 km. This observation supports the correlation of local earthquakes with deep geophysical and geological features, suggesting contemporary reactivation of basement structures. This may imply that a more conservative deterministic hazard estimate is needed to verify the probabilistic approach currently used to assess seismic hazard in southern Ontario.Cette région, habituellement perçue comme étant de faible sismicité, est densément peuplée et abrite notamment les réacteurs nucléaires de Pickering et de Darlington. En vue de cela, on doit réévaluer les risques de séismes dans la région. Afin d'améliorer la détermination des sources sismiques et, par là, l'évaluation des risques sismiques, on a recalculé les hypocentres d'une trentaine de séismes locaux. Une nouvelle compilation des données, fondée sur les localisations corrigées ou sur celles comprenant le temps de propagation résiduel le plus court, montre que les microséismes locaux (ML=s3.5) surviennent généralement le long ou à l'intersection d'anomalies gravitaires ou aéromagnétiques prononcées. Une zone sismique appréciable s'étend du nord-est au sud-ouest, entre Toronto et Hamilton, et est bordée par des linéaments magnétiques. Une structure géologique majeure, l'aire limite de la zone métasédimentaire centrale, coïncide avec une forte anomalie aéromagnétique qui s'étend vers le nord-est, dans la zone sismique de l'ouest du Québec. Ce linéament magnétique s'étend aussi vers le sud, à travers le lac Ontario, pour rejoindre la limite magnétique d'Akron (Ohio) qui a été associée à de nombreux séismes connus et à un séisme de mb=4,9, en 1986. La plupart des séismes enregistrés par des instruments au cours du XXe s. se sont produits à des profondeurs de 5 à 20 km. Cette observation établit la corrélation entre les séismes locaux et les données géologiques et géophysiques en profondeur, indiquant ainsi une réactivation contemporaine des structures du socle. Cette conclusion implique qu'une évaluation déterministe plus classique des risques sismiques doit être faite afin de tester l'approche probabiliste actuellement entreprise pour évaluer les risques sismiques dans le sud de l'Ontario.Die westliche Ontario-See-Region, die man gewôhnlich fur eine Region mit niedrigem seismischem Risiko hait, ist dicht besiedelt und beherbergt unter anderen bedenklichen Einrichtungen die Kernkraftwerke von Pickering und Darlington. Dièse sowie andere Charakteristika der Region machen eine Verbesserung der Beurteilung des seismischen Risikos not-wendig. Um die Definition seismischer Ursprungszonen und dadurch die Einschàtzung des seismischen Risikos zu ver-bessern, hat man die Hypozentren von etwa 30 lokalen Erdbeben neu berechnet. Eine neue Datenzusammenstellung, gestùtzt auf korrigierte Lagebestimmungen oder solche mit der geringsten Restverbreitungszeit, zeigt, daB ôrtliche Mikroerdbeben (MLL^3.5) gewôhnlich entlang oder an der Kreuzung von deutlichen Aeromagnetik-oder Gravitations-Anomalien auftreten. Eine beachtliche seismische Zone erstreckt sich von Nordost nach Sùdwest zwischen Toronto und Hamilton und ist durch magne-tische Lineamente begrenzt. Eine bedeu-tende geologische Struktur, der Grenz-bereich des zentralen metasedimentâren Gùrtels, stimmt mit einer deutlichen aero-magnetischen Anomalie ùberein, die sich nach Nordosten in die seismische -Zone von West-Québec erstreckt. Dieses magnetische Lineament erstreckt sich auch nach Sùden, quer durch den Ontario-See und ver-bindet sich mit der magnetischen Grenze von Akron(Ohio), welche mit einigen historis-chen Erdbeben sowie einem mb"=4.9 Erdbeben von 1986 in Verbindung gebracht wurde. Die meisten seismischen Vorkom-men, die im 20. Jahrhundert festgestellt wurden, haben in einer Tiefe zwischen 5 bis 20 km stattgefunden. Dièse Feststellung stùtzt die Korrelationen ôrtlicher Erdbeben mit tiefgelegenen geophysikalischen und geologischen Charakteristika und weist auf eine zeitgenôssische Reaktivierung der Grundstrukturen. Dies kônnte zu dem SchluBB fùhren, daB eine mehr konservative deterministische Risikoeinschàtzung notwendig ist, um die gegenwàrtig gebrauchte Wahrscheinlichkeitsmethode bei der Einschàtzung von seismischen Risiken in Sud-Ontario zu ùberprùfen

Comparison of efficacy Ephedrine and phenylephrine in Postoperative Vomiting in Cesarean section

Introduce: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) still is the most big problem event encountered in the PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit), despite advances in prevention and treatment. The incidence of PONV has remained high and has a major negative impact on patient satisfaction about the overall surgical experience. Method: In double-blind, clinical trial, 104 patients were undergoing cesarean section was randomizing into two groups: Group P (100μg Phenylephrine) and Group E (6μg Ephedrine). We compared the Vomiting parameters between the two groups. Result: Patients in the recovery were compared in 2 groups regarding occurrence of vomiting that no statistical difference between two group (P >0.05). The results show that vomiting was seen in ASA1, and in ASA2 no vomiting was observed. The incidence of vomiting was 2 patients in young group and 1 patient in middle-aged group. The incidence of vomiting was 2 patients in slim group, 1 in moderate group and no sign of vomiting has been seen in the obese group. Conclusion: We conclude that ephedrine is the best drug for antiemetic prophylaxis before cesarean surgery based on cost and lack of side effects

Fault Movements and Tectonics of Eastern Iran: Boundaries of the Lut Plate

Summary. From 1977 March 21 to 1981 July 28, about 15 earthquakes with Ms ≥6.0 and many earthquakes with Ms≥4.5 have occurred in Iran. The upsurge of seismic activity started following the Khorqu earthquake of 1977 March 21, M,=7.0, south-east of the Fars folded series of Zagros. This shock had a thrust focal mechanism solution indicating the general northward movement of the Arabian plate with respect to the Iranian landmass. It was followed by six major damaging earthquakes in eastern Iran. The earthquakes are associated with extensive faulting which surrounds the Lut plate. (1) The Zarand earthquake of 1977 December, Ms=5.8, was associated with about 20 km of fault trace, severe mass wasting and about 20cm of right lateral movement. (2) The Tabas earthquake of 1978 September, Ms=7.7, with about 75 km of multiple thrust faulting and a maximum vertical displacement of 35cm. (3) The Kurizan earthquake of 1979 November, Ms=6.0, with more than 17 km of strike-slip fault trace and a maximum right-lateral displacement of 90cm and a vertical displacement of 60cm. (4) The Koli earthquake of 1979 November, Ms=7.1, with at least 65 km of fault trace and a maximum left-lateral displacement of 255 cm and a vertical displacement of 380cm. (5) Golbaf earthquakes of 1981 June, Ms=6.0 with at least 16 km of observed fault trace and a maximum vertical displacement of 15 cm. (6) The Chaharfarsang-Sirch earthquake of 1981 July, Ms=7.1, with about 70 km of discontinuous fault trace and 20cm of right-lateral motion and 15 cm of vertical motion. Portable networks of seismographic stations were deployed following each event. Results of aftershock studies are compared with field observations. The observed faults and aftershock zones appear to mark the broad deformational boundaries of the Lut plate

Content validity of national post marriage educational program using mixed methods

Background: Although the validity of content of program is mostly conducted with qualitative methods, this study used both qualitative and quantitative methods for the validation of content of post marriage training program provid-ed for newly married couples. Content validity is a preliminary step of obtaining authorization required to install the program in country's health care system. Methods: This mixed methodological content validation study carried out in four steps with forming three expert panels. Altogether 24 expert panelists were involved in 3 qualitative and quantitative panels; 6 in the first item devel-opment one; 12 in the reduction kind, 4 of them were common with the first panel, and 10 executive experts in the last one organized to evaluate psychometric properties of CVR and CVI and Face validity of 57 educational objectives. Results: The raw data of post marriage program had been written by professional experts of Ministry of Health, using qualitative expert panel, the content was more developed by generating 3 topics and refining one topic and its respec-tive content. In the second panel, totally six other objectives were deleted, three for being out of agreement cut of point and three on experts' consensus. The validity of all items was above 0.8 and their content validity indices (0.8-1) were completely appropriate in quantitative assessment. Conclusion: This study provided a good evidence for validation and accreditation of national post marriage program planned for newly married couples in health centers of the country in the near future. © 2015, Iranian Journal of Public Health. All right reserved

The Bedrock Surface of the Western Lake Ontario Region: Evidence of Reactivated Basement Structures?

Lower Paleozoic bedrock strata, in south-central Ontario and the adjacent part of New York State are covered by a thick (100m+) blanket of Pleistocene glacial and interglacial sediments. The form of the buried bedrock surface has been reconstructed from 70,000 waterwell boreholes that extend through the entire Pleistocene cover using GIS data processing techniques. The sub-drift bedrock surface shows linear channels that connect the basins of lakes Huron, Ontario and Erie and which form part of an ancestral mid-continent Great Lake drainage system prior to modification and infilling during successive Pleistocene glaciations. This relict drainage system is cut across Lower Paleozoic carbonates and elastics up to 500 m thick, but the position of several channels is aligned above terrane boundaries, faults and other deep-seated and poorly understood geophysical anomalies in underlying mid-Proterozoic Grenville basement rocks. Other channels are controlled by a dominant northwest and northeast trending regional joint system. A close relationship among deeply seated geophysical lineaments, basement structures and topographic lineaments cut across thick Paleozoic cover strata suggests a history of Phanerozoic reactivation and upward propagation of fractures from the Precambrian basement. Several basement structures and lineaments are seismically active suggesting ongoing neotectonic activity across the 'stable' craton of south-central Ontario.La surface de la roche de fond dans la partie ouest du lac Ontario: indices de réactivation des structures du socle. Les couches géologiques de la roche de fond du Paléozoïque inférieur, dans le centre sud de l'Ontario et la partie adjacente de l'État de New York, sont recouvertes par une grande épaisseur (> 100 m) de sédiments glaciaires et interglaciaires. La forme de la surface de la roche de fond enfouie a été reconstituée à partir de 70 000 puits de sondage qui traversent toute la couverture du Pleistocene. La surface sous les dépôts glaciaires laisse voir des chenaux linéaires qui relient les bassins des lac Hurons, Ontario et Érié et qui forment une partie de l'ancien système de drainage des Grands Lacs. Ce réseau de drainage relique entaille les carbonates du Paléozoïque inférieur et les dépôts détritiques jusqu'à 500 m d'épaisseur, mais l'emplacement de plusieurs chenaux est aligné au-dessus des limites de la formation fissurée, des failles et autres anomalies géophysiques profondes et mal connues du socle grenvillien du Protérozoïque moyen. D'autres chenaux sont sous la dépendance d'un réseau de fractures en grande partie orientées vers le NW et vers le NE. Les fortes relations qui existent entre les linéaments géophysiques profonds, les structures du socle et les linéaments topographiques entaillant l'épaisse couverture paléozoïque laissent entrevoir une réactivation au Phanérozoïque et une propagation ascendante des fractures à partir du socle précambrien. Plusieurs structures et linéaments du socle sont sismiquement actifs signalant ainsi une activité néotectonique continue à travers tout le craton dit stable du centre-sud de l'Ontario.Die Sockelstrata aus dem unteren Palàozoikum im sùdlichen Zentrum von Ontario und dem angrenzenden Teil des Staates New York sind von einer dicken (100 m+) Decke glazialer und interglazialer Pleistozànsedimente ùberlagert. Die Form der vergrabenen Oberflache des Sockels ist mittles 70 000 Brunnenbohrlôchern, die durch die ganze Pleistozândecke hindurch-gehen, rekonstruiert worden. Die Sockeloberglàche unter den glazialen Ablagerungen zeigt lineare Rinnen, welche die Becken des Huron-, Ontario-und Eriesees miteinander verbinden und Teil eines alten halbkontinentalen Drainage-systems der Grofîen Seen bilden. Dieses Reliktdrainagesystem schneidet quer durch die Karbonate des unteren Palàozoikums und die Trùmmergesteine bis zu einer Dicke von 500 m, aber die Position gewisser Rinnen ist oberhalb der Grenzen der gespaltenen Foramation, den Verwerfungen und anderen tiefgelegenen und schlecht verstandenen geophysikalischen Anomalien der darunterliegenden Felsen des Grenville-Unterbaus aus dem mittleren Palàozoikum ausgerichtet. Andere Rinnen werden durch ein régionales Kluftsystem, das vor allem nach Nordwesten und Nordosten ausgerichtet ist, kontrolliert. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen tief gelegenen geophysikalischen Lineamenten, Unterbaustrukturen und topographischen Lineamenten, deuten auf eine Reaktivierung im Phanàrozoikum und eine aufsteigende Verbreitung der Bruche vom Unterbau des Pràkambriums. Mehrere Unterbaustrukturen und Lineamente sind seismisch aktiv und zeigen so eine anhaltende neotektonische Aktivitàt quer durch den als "Stabil" angesehenen Kraton vom sùdlichen Zentrum Ontarios

Effects of late flushing and ewe breed on lamb mortality at birth.

A total of 92 Zel and 92 Zel×Shal ewes, 3–5 years of age and body weight of between 35 and 45 kg were randomly allocated in to four groups in order to determine effects of late flushing and breed on lamb mortality at birth. A completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with two factors (Flushing & Breed) and two levels were used. Ewes were fed in two nutritional groups including none flushing diet (2 mcal/kg metabolizeble energy, 11.5 percent crud protein and 1.7 kg/ewe/day dry matter intake) and flushing diet (2.2 mcal/kg metabolizeble energy, 11.5 percent crud protein and 1.7 kg/ewe/day dry matter intake). The flushing continued for last six week of pregnancy. Animals were housed in pens (10 ewes/pen) and allowed free access to water. The results showed that late flushing had a significant effect on lamb mortality at birth (P<0.05). Zel breed had lower lamb mortality than Zel×Shal breed (P<0.05)

An Optimized Multi-Layer Resource Management in Mobile Edge Computing Networks: A Joint Computation Offloading and Caching Solution

Nowadays, data caching is being used as a high-speed data storage layer in mobile edge computing networks employing flow control methodologies at an exponential rate. This study shows how to discover the best architecture for backhaul networks with caching capability using a distributed offloading technique. This article used a continuous power flow analysis to achieve the optimum load constraints, wherein the power of macro base stations with various caching capacities is supplied by either an intelligent grid network or renewable energy systems. This work proposes ubiquitous connectivity between users at the cell edge and offloading the macro cells so as to provide features the macro cell itself cannot cope with, such as extreme changes in the required user data rate and energy efficiency. The offloading framework is then reformed into a neural weighted framework that considers convergence and Lyapunov instability requirements of mobile-edge computing under Karush Kuhn Tucker optimization restrictions in order to get accurate solutions. The cell-layer performance is analyzed in the boundary and in the center point of the cells. The analytical and simulation results show that the suggested method outperforms other energy-saving techniques. Also, compared to other solutions studied in the literature, the proposed approach shows a two to three times increase in both the throughput of the cell edge users and the aggregate throughput per cluster

Inverse problems associated with integrable equations of Camassa-Holm type; explicit formulas on the real axis, I

The inverse problem which arises in the Camassa--Holm equation is revisited for the class of discrete densities. The method of solution relies on the use of orthogonal polynomials. The explicit formulas are obtained directly from the analysis on the real axis without any additional transformation to a "string" type boundary value problem known from prior works

Laser-free pelvic alignment in an online adaptive radiotherapy environment.

The MR-Linac (MRL) provides a novel treatment modality that enables online adaptive treatments, but also creates new challenges for patient positioning in a laser-free environment. The accuracy and duration of prostate patient set-up on the MRL using two different methods for patient alignment was determined to establish standard of practice on the MRL. Differences in set-up accuracy were significant in the longitudinal direction and are accounted for in online plan adaption. Both methods recorded similar set-up times. The vendor recommended alignment method involves less manipulation of the patient and will be adopted as the standard positioning method for prostate and other pelvic patients on the MRL in future