Prospective Aspect of Topography: The Example of The Grand Bazaar (Kapalı Çarşı) in Istanbul

The Grand Bazaar was constructed, there have been significant changes in shopping practices. Particularly the spread of Global trade boosted the opening of new shopping centres, high-street department stores and shopping malls. Despite all these changes in shopping habits, the Grand Bazaar still continues to be an actively used shopping area; it has never lost its customer interest and its socially vivid atmosphere. This research explores the reasons why the Grand Bazaar has not been lost its social dynamism over the course of time? This question has various answers, but this research argues that one of them is particularly related to its peculiar spatial formation that encourages social interactions. In this account; this research methodologically focuses on two main components, these are: how the Grand Bazaar was spatially constructed and how it was experienced by users. These purposes will be accomplished by the analyses of the writings and drawings of the important Western travellers. It is revealed that articulated in topographical account, the Grand Bazaar eliminates the boundaries between the spaces and thus between the people. This continually enhances the mutual relationships between inside and outside. This study focuses on the main interest of the topographic approach which is not much the representative qualities; re-expression of the exterior appearance of the building in shape and profile or any stylistic display, but it is more to create an open venue or a stage which enhances the spatial and social connectivity between interior and exterior worlds, ergo between individual and collective lives. As a result, the study demonstrates how the Grand Bazaar's topographical attitude lends a 'formative' aspect to an architectural context. The Grand Bazaar tries to abolish borders by emphasizing topographical aspects such as permeability, spatiality, and delay in order to create an in-between environment, and also a common social ground

Factores que afectan el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales de los profesores de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicadas de Irán

This study proposes different approaches and models to analyze the factors affecting the development of professional competencies of lecturers at the University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST) in Tehran Province by using the lecturers’ viewpoints. This is an applied-quantitative descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all the 14000 lecturers of the UAST in Tehran. The sampling standards were employed to select 384 participants as the research sample. Based on the conceptual model, the research questions and hypotheses were then addressed through a researcher-made questionnaire and the items extracted from the statistical sample. In the descriptive statistics, data description was presented through both contextual and primary variables; however, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, structural equation modeling, and factor analysis were employed in the inferential statistics to analyze the research hypotheses. According to the research data, effective teaching and skill training improvement of lecturers had the greatest and smallest impacts, respectively, on the development of their professional competencies at the UAST. The standardized beta coefficients of these two variables were reported to be 0.591 and 0.368, respectively.Este estudio propone diferentes enfoques y modelos para analizar los factores que afectan el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales de los profesores de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicadas (UAST) en la provincia de Teherán utilizando los puntos de vista de los profesores. Este es un estudio descriptivo correlacional cuantitativo aplicado. La población estadística incluyó a todos los 14000 profesores de la UAST en Teherán. Los estándares de muestreo se emplearon para seleccionar 384 participantes como muestra de investigación. Con base en el modelo conceptual, las preguntas e hipótesis de investigación se abordaron a través de un cuestionario elaborado por un investigador y los ítems extraídos de la muestra estadística. En las estadísticas descriptivas, la descripción de los datos se presentó a través de variables contextuales y primarias; sin embargo, el coeficiente de correlación producto-momento de Pearson, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales y el análisis factorial se emplearon en las estadísticas inferenciales para analizar las hipótesis de investigación. Según los datos de la investigación, la mejora efectiva de la enseñanza y la capacitación de los profesores tuvo el mayor y menor impacto, respectivamente, en el desarrollo de sus competencias profesionales en la UAST. Se informó que los coeficientes beta estandarizados de estas dos variables eran 0.591 y 0.368, respectivamente

A Design Support System Using Analogy Based Reasoning

Abstract: This paper represents a procedure to support the designer in his/her process of mechanical system design, by inspiring the knowledge acquired from previous projects. To this end, the proposed method represents an appropriate means to capitalize the know-how of the professional experts. Based on this approach, an interactive programme is implemented, which assist designers in the specification of new products. The data structure of the implemented tool is based on the object oriented modelling. This structure allows several classifications of a same design, using different levels of abstraction. This approach enables designer to begin with a more general description of the product, and to refine the description by referring to similar data in the pattern bases

Robust adaptive synchronization of a class of uncertain chaotic systems with unknown time-delay

The pavement is a complex structure that is influenced by various environmental and loading conditions. The regular assessment of pavement performance is essential for road network maintenance. International roughness index (IRI) and pavement condition index (PCI) are well-known indices used for smoothness and surface condition assessment, respectively. Machine learning techniques have recently made significant advancements in pavement engineering. This paper presents a novel roughness-distress study using random forest (RF). After determining the PCI and IRI values for the sample units, the PCI prediction process is advanced using RF and random forest trained with a genetic algorithm (RF-GA). The models are validated using correlation coefficient (CC), scatter index (SI), and Willmott’s index of agreement (WI) criteria. For the RF method, the values of the three parameters mentioned were −0.177, 0.296, and 0.281, respectively, whereas in the RF-GA method, −0.031, 0.238, and 0.297 values were obtained for these parameters. This paper aims to fulfill the literature’s identified gaps and help pavement engineers overcome the challenges with the conventional pavement maintenance systems

Применение тригенерационной биогазовой установки, работающей на отходах мясопереработки (на примере ОАО «Калинковичский мясокомбинат»)

Материалы XIV Междунар. науч.-техн. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 24–25 апр. 2014 г

Artificial intelligence for clinical decision support for monitoring patients in cardiovascular ICUs: a systematic review

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models continue to evolve the clinical decision support systems (CDSS). However, challenges arise when it comes to the integration of AI/ML into clinical scenarios. In this systematic review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design (PICOS), and the medical AI life cycle guidelines to investigate studies and tools which address AI/ML-based approaches towards clinical decision support (CDS) for monitoring cardiovascular patients in intensive care units (ICUs). We further discuss recent advances, pitfalls, and future perspectives towards effective integration of AI into routine practices as were identified and elaborated over an extensive selection process for state-of-the-art manuscripts. Methods: Studies with available English full text from PubMed and Google Scholar in the period from January 2018 to August 2022 were considered. The manuscripts were fetched through a combination of the search keywords including AI, ML, reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning, clinical decision support, and cardiovascular critical care and patients monitoring. The manuscripts were analyzed and filtered based on qualitative and quantitative criteria such as target population, proper study design, cross-validation, and risk of bias. Results: More than 100 queries over two medical search engines and subjective literature research were developed which identified 89 studies. After extensive assessments of the studies both technically and medically, 21 studies were selected for the final qualitative assessment. Discussion: Clinical time series and electronic health records (EHR) data were the most common input modalities, while methods such as gradient boosting, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and RL were mostly used for the analysis. Seventy-five percent of the selected papers lacked validation against external datasets highlighting the generalizability issue. Also, interpretability of the AI decisions was identified as a central issue towards effective integration of AI in healthcare

Desilication studies of diasporic bauxite by thermochemical treatment

In this paper, desilication experiments on calcined diasporic bauxite by thermochemical treatment is investigated. For this purpose, calcined samples at specific temperature, were leached with caustic soda at 95°C. The experiments is conducted in two sections: optimizing calcination conditions and determination of leaching parameters. Calcination experiments revealed that the optimum calcination temperature and time are 1000°C and 60 minute respectively. By optimizing these parameters, 42.22% of bauxite silica content is extracted and module ratio (ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2) reaches to 2.94. According to leaching experiments the optimum leaching parameters is determined as: leaching time 120 minutes, caustic soda concentration 200 g/L, pulp dilution 4 and particle size below 210 µm. As a result, silica extraction percentage and module ratio increase to 50.92 and 3.5 respectively

Işığın İç Mekan Biçimlendirmesindeki Rolünün, Kapalıçarşı ve Avm ler Üzerinden Karşılaştırılarak Değerlendirilmesi

The role of lighting desing in structuring interior spaces of commercial structures emerges as an important factor in today s design understanding. Commerce proved itself as an indispensible concept throughout the history of civilizations. Displaying the development and phases of such spaces is significantly important in terms of the steps that will be taken in order to design user-compatible commercial spaces. For this purpose; current status and construction, and all developments and changes experienced in commercial structures selected from world examples are examined in scope of a cause and effect relation.The aim of this study is to introduce a modern criticism for emergence of mall designs of our day by discussing the role of interior lighting of malls and status assessment of covered markets still in service.Ticari amaçlı mekanların iç mekan biçimlendirmesinde aydınlatma tasarımının rolü çok önemli bir öğe olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ticaret kavramı, medeniyet tarihi boyunca insanların vazgeçemediği bir olgudur. Kullanıcılarıyla uyumlu ticari amaçlı mekanlar tasarlayabilmek için, bu mekanların bugüne kadar geçirdikleri gelişim ve evrelerin ortaya konulması, bundan sonra bu alanda atılacak adımlar yönünden son derece önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla; tez çalışmasında dünyadan seçilen örneklerle ticari amaçlı yapıların bugünkü durumuna ve yapılışlarında ve bügüne kadar geçirdikleri tüm gelişim ve değişimler sebep-sonuç ilişkisinde ele alınmıştır.Çalışmada amaç; alışveriş makanlarının iç mekan biçimlemdirmesinde aydınlatmanın rolü, halen hizmet veren kapalıçarşılarda bir durum saptaması yaparak, günümüz AVM tasarımlarının oluşum süreçine çağdaş anlamda bir eleştiri getirmektir

Spatial Identity And Reflection Of Communal Socialization On The Topic Of Shopping Areas in Turkey

Public spaces like shopping areas are indispensable places for human. The buying and selling of goods played a very important role in the development of towns and cities (Dixon, 2005). Shopping places has been changed with modern movement. At the same time, these spaces embrace particular events that have collective social, historical and cultural associations; projections of these events influence the physical transformations, which can each be re-identified through time. One of the basic features of traditional shopping areas is the association between urban fabric and social structure (Birol, 2005). However, contemporary shopping places has been emerged as closed box independent from tissue of city which lost their spatial values. On the other hand, it is inevitable that nowadays, these enclosed centers are preferred for spending leisure times through the recreational, cultural and entertaining facilities offered in these places besides do shopping. Therefore, the communal socialization in shopping areas and the effects of social and cultural elements in change and re-identified of modern shopping places will be discussed as the main focus point of this thesis. In the first chapter of the study; the main purpose, scope, method and fundamental problem of the study are explained. In the second chapter of study; the notion of identity, cultural identity, type of place and the identity of place and urban identity are clarified. Third chapter of the study; reveal the historical development of public spaces and shopping places. The characteristics of contemporary shopping places are explained from three points of view: 1.Functional and Technical Needs 2. Aesthetic and Psychological Needs 3. Social and Cultural Needs In the fourth part of the study; communal socialization in the public spaces and shopping areas of Turkey (Ankara) have been assessed from Republic to present. The historical development of the communal socialization and public spaces of Ankara have been examined under four periods. 1.The Period of Republic of Turkey between 1923-1950 2. The Period between 1950-1980 3. The Period between 1980-2000 4. The Period after 2000 The periods are determined according to some important turning points of Turkey. In the fifth chapter; the communal socialization in Ankara shopping areas is evaluated through a field survey study based on Armada Shopping Center. The survey was conducted in December 2017 with a questionnaire on respondents of Armada Shopping Center users and visitors. Definition and scope of the field work, and the method and process of determining the sample size have been discussed. Results of the field study have been evaluated, analysis of survey data have been analyzed and evaluated by statistical methods, and hypotheses have been tested and the results of these hypotheses evaluation are further emphasized and summarized in this chapter. In the conclusion section of the study; according to the results obtained through data from the case study and the interpretation of hypotheses evaluation, the strategies which are needed to regenerate the contemporary shopping areas are discussed. With respect to communal social and cultural expectations updating the old enclosed shopping mall into a more actual type are suggested.APPROVAL OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................... i DECLARATION.................................................................................................................. ii PUBLISHING AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS .................................... iii ACKNOWLEDEMENTS................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... v ÖZET................................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF CHARTS ........................................................................................................ xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aim of The Study............................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Scope of The Study ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Method of the Study.................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 IDENTITY …………………………………………………………...... 7 2.1 Architecture and Identity …………………………………………………..............…. 9 2.2 Cultural Identity ……………………………………………………………………….12 2.3 Place and Identity …………………………………………………………………..... 13 2.3.1 Place and Space ………………………………………………………………… 13 2.3.2 Types of Places ………………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.3 Identity of Place ……………………………………………………………...... 21 2.3.4 Urban Identity ………………………………………………………………...... 23 2.3.5 Identity of Shopping Places…………………………………………………... ...30 2.4 Section Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… ...31 CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTIC TYPOLOGY AND TRANSFORMATION OF SHOPPING PLACES AS PUBLIC SPACES ………………………………………… 32 3.1 Historical Development of Public Spaces……………………………………………. 32 3.2 Shopping places as Public Spaces …………………………………………………… 35 3.3 The Development and the Characteristics of Shopping Places ….…………………… 36 3.4 Characteristics of contemporary shopping places …………………………………… 52 3.4.1 Functional and Technical Needs ……………………………………………….. 53 3.4.2 Aesthetic and Psychological Needs.…………………………………………… 74 3.4.3 Social and Cultural Needs ………………………………………………………. 75 3.5 Section Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 78 CHAPTER 4 THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNAL SOCIALIZATION IN THE SHOPPING AREAS OF TURKEY FROM REPUBLIC TO PRESENT …………… 80 4.1 The Period of Republic of Turkey between 1923-1950 ……………………………… 80 4.2 The Period between 1950-1980 …………………………………………………….. 85 4.3 The Period between 1980-2000 …………………………………………………. 91 4.4 The Period after 2000 ……………………………………………………………. 96 4.5 Section Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 97 CHAPTER 5 COMMUNAL SOCIALIZATION IN THE SHOPPING AREAS OF ANKARA, EXAMPLE OF ARMADA ……………………………………………… 99 5.1 Case Study: Armada Shopping Center ……………………………………………… 99 5.2 The Methodology and the Content of the Study ……………………………………... 106 5.3 Survey Findings and Results of the Case Study ……………………………………. 107 5.3.1 Social and Cultural Needs …………………………………………………….. 109 5.3.2 Functional and Technical Needs……………………………………………… 146 5.3.3 Aesthetic and Psychological Needs…………………………………………… .162 5.4 Section Conclusion …………………………………………………………………. 170 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………… 172 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 178 APPENDIX 1: Etik Committee Approval Decision ………………………………….. 188 APPENDIX 2: Sample Questionnaire Form………………………………………….. 189Alışveriş alanları gibi kamusal alanlar insan için vazgeçilmez yerlerdir. Alışveriş yapmak, şehirlerin gelişiminde çok önemli bir rol oynamıştır (Dixon, 2005). Alışveriş alanları modern hareketle birlikte değişmiştir. Aynı zamanda, bu alanlar, toplumsal, tarihi ve kültürel birleşmeleri bir arada içinde barındırarak, her biri zamanla yeniden tanımlanabilen fiziksel dönüşümleri etkiler. Geleneksel alışveriş alanlarının temel özelliklerinden biri, kent dokusu ile sosyal yapı arasındaki ilişkidir (Birol, 2005). Ancak çağdaş alışveriş mekanları, mekânsal değerlerini yitiren kent dokusundan bağımsız kapalı kutu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Diğer yandan, günümüzde bu kapalı merkezlerin, alışveriş yapmak dışında sosyal ve kültürel olanaklarla sosyalleşmek, vakit geçirmek ve eğlenmek için, tercih edilmeleri kaçınılmazdır. Bu nedenle alışveriş alanlarındaki toplumsal sosyalleşme ve modern alışveriş yerlerinin yeniden belirlenmesinde sosyal ve kültürel unsurların etkileri bu tezin odak noktası olarak ele alınacaktır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde; bu çalışmayı hazırlayan unsurlar ele alınmakta, çalışmanın temel amacı, kapsamı, yöntem ve temel problem açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde; Kimlik, kültürel kimlik, mekan ve kimlik ve kentsel kimlik kavramları anlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümü; kamusal alanların ve alışveriş yerlerinin tarihsel gelişimini ortaya koymaktadır. Çağdaş alışveriş mekanlarının özellikleri üç açıdan açıklanmaktadır: 1.Fonksiyonel ve Teknik Gereksinimler 2. Estetik ve Psikolojik Gereksinimler 3. Sosyal ve Kültürel Gereksinimler Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde; Türkiye'deki (Ankara) kamusal alanlarda ve alışveriş bölgelerinde toplumsal sosyalleşme, Cumhuriyet döneminden bugüne kadar değerlendirilmiştir. Ankara'nın toplumsal toplumsallaştırma ve kamusal alanlarının tarihsel gelişimi dört dönem içerisinde incelenmiştir. 1. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dönemi 1923-1950 2. 1950-1980 Dönemi 3. 1980-2000 Dönemi 4. 2000 Sonrası Dönem Dönemler Türkiye'nin bazı önemli dönüm noktalarına göre belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın özgün beşinci bölümde; Ankara alışveriş bölgelerindeki toplumsal sosyalleşme, Armada Alışveriş Merkezi temelli bir alan araştırması ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma Aralık 2017'de Armada Alışveriş Merkezi kullanıcılarının ve ziyaretçilerin anketleriyle gerçekleştirilmiş. Alan çalışmasının tanımı, kapsamı, metodu ve örnek hacminin belirlenmesi süreçleri aktarılmış. alan çalışması değerlendirilmiş, anket soruların veri analizleri yapılmış, araştırma verileri lojistik regresyon istatistik yöntemi kullanarak değerlendirilmiş ve hipotezler sınanmıştır. Bu hipotezlerin değerlendirilmesi alan çalışmasında elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda özetlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise; saha çalışması ile elde edilen verilerin yorumlanması ve hipotezlerin değerlendirmesinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre çağdaş alışveriş alanlarının yenilenmesi için gerekli stratejiler tartışılmaktadır. Toplumun sosyalleşmesi ve kültürel beklentilere göre, kapalı alışveriş merkezlerinin nasıl bir dönüşüm ve gelişim yolu izlemeliri gerektiği önerilir sunulmuştur