Prevalence of Tramadol Consumption in First Seizure Patients; a One-Year Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that there is a probability of seizure even with therapeutic doses of tramadol. Yet, no accurate data exist regarding this problem in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tramadol consumption in patients with first seizure referred to the emergency department (ED). Methods: In the present retrospective one-year cross-sectional study, all patients who were referred to the ED of Poursina Hospital, Rasht, Iran, with the complaint of first seizure were evaluated. Demographic data and data regarding history of tramadol consumption, duration, total dose, last dose, and time passed from the last dose of consumption were recorded and analyzed regarding the study questions using SPSS 20. Results: 383 (68.9%) out of the 556 patients referred to the ED, were experiencing their first seizure (mean age 26.43 ± 6.48 years; 70.5% male). 84 (21.9%) patients had recently used tramadol. History of seizure in the family of tramadol consumers was significantly lower (3.6% compared to 11%; p = 0.036). Mean total tramadol consumption dose in the last 24 hours was 140.17 ± 73.53 mg (range: 50-300 mg). Duration of tramadol consumption was less than 10 days in 84.5% (df: 2; χ2 = 96.1; p < 0.001). In addition, 62 (73.8%) patients had seizure within 6 hours of consumption (df: 3; χ2 = 29.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that 21.9% of the patients with first seizure had a history of tramadol consumption. Seizure following tramadol consumption is more prevalent in the initial 10 days and within 6 hours of consumption. In addition, it seems that lower doses of tramadol may also induce seizure

The Function of Shaz (Irregular) Qira’at (Recitations) in Explaining and Expanding the Exegesis of the Noble Qur’an from Shi’ite and Sunni Perspectives

Received: 23/9/2018   |   Accepted: 16/5/2018 Shaz (irregular) Qira’at as a variety of methods in the recitation of the Noble Qur’an has not received adequate attention and review yet. Irregular recitation is a method in Qira’at which has authentic reference but is not narrated through a sound chain of transmission or Istifazah acceptable among people. Contemplation and research on these recitations can have considerable effects on Sunni and Shi’ite exegesis of the Qur’anic verses. Therefore, such recitations cannot be totally rejected or ignored. This study aims to compare irregular recitations with the regular and well-known ones and explain their function in Sunni and Shi’ite exegesis. For this purpose, the most important criteria and relevant arguments to irregular recitations and their different function in Sunni and Shi’ite exegesis of the Noble Qur’an are first reviewed; and then, some instances from these recitations along with their different effects and functions in Sunni and Shi’ite exegesis of the Holy Qur’an are displayed. Semantic explanation and expansion of the verses are of the most important functions of the abovementioned recitations for the exegesis of the Noble Qur’an. In this regard, the analysis of some irregular recitations compared to their regular counterparts can foster exegetical review of the verses and also reveal their function

The impact of road lighting on road user alertness in the evening

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the alerting effect of light under lighting conditions typical of road lighting. After a 2-h adaptation period, under lighting representing a domestic interior, participants were exposed for a further hour to one of four lighting conditions, with illuminance at the eye and spectral power distribution varied to give a melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance of <0.5 lx to about 10 lx. During this latter phase, half of the participants remained seated, and the other half walked on a treadmill. The dependent variables were reaction time to an acoustic detection task, melatonin levels derived from saliva samples, self-reported sleepiness and skin temperature. The results did not suggest that differences between the four lighting conditions had a significant effect on any of the dependent variables, confirming the results of a previous study conducted on a test track. This suggests that any alerting effect of road lighting is not significant for driving or walking in the evening

Outcome Evaluation of Therapeutic Community Model in Iran

Background : Evaluation of treatment programs in addiction field is a prerequisite to improve the quality of care. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Therapeutic Community (TC) program in Iran. Methods : Individuals who had voluntarily enrolled in the TC center within a period of seven years, from early 2005 to late 2011, entered the study. Those who successfully completed the 14-week residential course were considered as ‘completers’. They were subsequently called in for urine test and interviews using Maudsley Addiction Profile. Urine test was conducted to determine if they were positive for heroin, opium, methadone, methamphetamine, bupronorphine, hashish, and tramadol. Results : A number of 378 individuals with mean (±SD) age of 32.5 ± 7.8 enrolled in the TC program during the study period, 240 individuals of whom completed the 14 weeks course (69.0%). At the end of the sixth year, 22% of the participants were in abstinence. Physical and mental health in abstainers proved to be of better conditions than those of non-abstainers ( P <0.05). Conclusion : Considering the TC outcome in other countries, it seems that TC maintains an acceptable effectiveness in Iran. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to investigate the outcomes in more details

The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived-Conditioned Media in Combination with Oral Anti-Androgenic Drugs on Male Pattern Baldness: An Animal Study

Objective: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent form of hair loss, mainly caused by follicular sensitivity toandrogens. Despite developing different anti-androgen treatment options, the success rate of these treatments hasbeen limited. Using animal models, this study evaluated the therapeutic effects of umbilical cord (UC) stem cellconditioned media (CM) combined with oral anti-androgens for hair regeneration.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Poloxamer 407 (P407) was used as a drug carrier forsubcutaneous testosterone injection. AGA models were treated with oral finasteride, oral flutamide, and CMinjections. Samples were thoroughly evaluated and compared using histological, stereological, and molecularanalyses.Results: Injecting CM-loaded hydrogel alone or combined with oral intake of anti-androgens improved hair regeneration.These treatments could promote hair growth by inducing hair follicles in the anagen stage and shortening the telogenand catagen phases. Furthermore, the combination treatment led to an upregulation of hair induction gene expressionwith a downregulation of inflammation genes.Conclusion: Through a reduction in inflammation, injection of CM-loaded hydrogel alone or combined with oral intakeof anti-androgens induces the hair cell cycle with regeneration in damaged follicles. Hence, this could be a promisingtherapeutic method for AGA patients

An Analysis of the Shortcomings of Public Policy Making System in Iran

t can  be  said  that  policy  making  is  a factor fore stablishing and keeping   discipline  in  societies   and  program   of  moving   from   the present situation towards  the ideal objectives  . Every body in  society  makes  role in this matter  , but like many new erra's problems  ,  this subject  has been specialized and has it's  defined basis   that   makes    main   and   determinative   role   in   fulfilling    this important subject Paying  attention   to  the  scientific  earnings  in  this  course  that  has been   obtained    from   total   attempts   of  world's   thinkers  and   also heavenly  instructions of evolutional Islamic  school  and i nterferring of wisdom as assimilation studies by considering temporal  and special  conditions,  we will conclude that there  is  a big  gap  between  being  quality  of policy  making  system  in Iran and the ideal situation that should be . Being  not justified by  some  classes  of the  society  ,  not  using  of scientific findings  of this course and being not suitable about  some  of the executives of this duty are some  of the weaknesses of mentioned system. Rememberances  and   criticisms  by  academic   centers   and  Multi Media  and experts  can  be considered as a point  of starting  a cultural movement  and eventually will  lead to desired practical  changes  in this field