Pomological characteristics of autochthonous varieties in area of Žepče

Područje Žepča ima tradiciju u uzgoju voćaka, što posebice potvrđuju okućnice bogate starim, često naslijeđenim, ali još uvijek sačuvanim stablima. Riječ je o domaćim autohtonim sortama, udomaćenim sortama, starim donesenim sortama, najčešće nepoznatog podrijetla, ili čak njihovim tipovima, ali najbolje se razaznaju po lokalnim nazivima. U radu je opisano sedam autohtonih sorti jabuke: Petrovnjača, Sisa, Torulja, Zvečarka, Kanjuška, Kožara i Kraljica. U detaljno provedenoj pomološkoj obradi korištene su deskripcijske točke i drugi važni parametri (težina, oblik, boja pokožice, peteljkino i čašično udubljenje, boja mesa, sjemenke). Najmanje plodove ima sorta Sisa (71,04 g), a sorta Torulja ima vrlo krupne plodove (284,9 g). Plodovi su sočni do srednje sočni, izražene ugodne arome, a neki od plodova se odlikuju i izraženim mirisom. Plodovi sorte Kanjuška izrazito su aromatični i od svih sorata, ona ima najintenzivniji miris.The area of Žepče has had a long tradition of fruit growing, which especially prove the plots rich in old, often inherited, but preserved trees. We talk about domestic autochthonous varieties, domesticated varieties, old varieties of mostly unknown origin, brought over, or even their types, but they are best differentiated by their local names. This paper describes seven autochthonous apple varieties: Petrovnjača, Sisa, Torulja, Zvečarka, Kanjuška, Kožara and Kraljica. A pomological analysis has been done in details using descriptive points and other significant parameters (weight, shape, color of epidermis, stalk and calyx concavity, color of meat and seed). Sisa variety has the smallest fruits (71.04 g) and Torulja variety has very large fruits (284.9 g). Fruits are juicy to middle juicy with expressed pleasant aroma and some of the fruits have expressed odor. Fruits of Kanjuška variety are highly aromatic and have the most intensive odor among all varieties

Powdery mildew on strawberry

Pepelnica je zadnjih godina postala značajna bolest jagoda u Hrvatskoj. Uzročnik je fitopatogena gljiva Podosphaera aphanis, koje je prije bila poznata pod nazivom Sphaerotheca macularis f. fragariae. Za razliku do većine drugih pepelnica simptomi pepelnice na jagodama ne javljaju se prevenstveno u vidu pepeljaste prevlake, već više u vidu uvijanja listova i crvenila na naličju lista. Za suzbijanje se koriste kemijski erisficidi i biofungicidi. Od biofungicida to su bakteriofungicidi na bazi antagonističkih bakterija Bacillus amyloliquefaciens i Bacillus pumilus te mikofungicidi na bazi antagonističke mikoparazitske gljive Ampelomyces quisqualis.In recent years, powdery mildew became a significant strawberry disease in Croatia. The causal agent of disease is the phytopathogenic fungus Podosphaera aphanis, formerly known as Sphaerotheca macularis f. fragariae. The symptoms of powdery mildew on strawberries are includes folding and redness of the leaves. Chemical fungicides (erysficides) and biofungicides are used for control, such as bacteriofungicides based on the antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus pumilus, as well as mycofungicides, based on the antagonistic mycoparasitic fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis

Anthracnose of strawberry (Colletotrichum spp.)

Antraknoza je jedna od najvažnijih bolesti kultivirane jagode (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) širom svijeta a uzrokuje je nekoliko gljiva iz roda Colletotrichum: Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides i C. fragariae. Vrste iz roda Colletotrichum inficiraju sve organe jagode uzrokujući trulež korijena i korjenova vrata, pojavu nepravilnih pjega na listovima, nekroze na peteljkama lista i stolonima te pojavu udubljenih gotovo crnih lezija na plodu jagode. U radu su ukratko opisani simptomi antraknoze, životni ciklus i epidemiologija te mjere zaštite.Strawberry anthracnose is one of the most important diseases of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) which caused by several species of fungi in the genus Colletotrichum: Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae. Colletotrichum species infect all plant parts causing serious crown rot, irregular leaf spots, necrotic lesions on the petioles and stolons, as well as black spot on the fruits. Life cycle and epidemiology, disease symptoms and control measures are briefly described in the article

INSECT PESTS OF IMMORTELLE [Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don] IN FIELD PRODUCTION IN THE AREA OF HERZEGOVINA

Primorsko smilje (Helichrysum italicum), na području Hercegovine, u posljednjih nekoliko godina postaje vrlo značajna poljoprivredna kultura koja doživljava pravu ekspanziju. Intenzivno se podižu plantažni nasadi smilja a površine su različite i kreću se od 1000 m2 pa do nekoliko desetaka hektara. Danas je na području Hercegovine oko 1500 hektara pod smiljem. Kako se radi o monokulturnim nasadima na velikim površinama, počeli su se javljati štetnici koji su na nekim lokalitetima pričinili i veće štete. Istraživanje štetne entomfaune smilja provedeno je tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine na 19 lokaliteta na području općina Čitluk, Čapljina, Mostar, Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, Grude i Posušje. U istraživanju se koristila vizualna metoda. Determinacija vrsta obavljena je na osnovi morfoloških karakteristika imaga. Tijekom istraživanja determinirano je devet štetnika smilja iz pet različitih redova kukaca. Najveće štete na smilju u obje godine istraživanja zabilježene su od gusjenica stričkova šarenjaka (Vanessa cardui L.). Posebno znatne štete zabilježene su na presadnicama smilja pa je na pojedinim lokalitetima zabilježeno znatno prorjeđivanje sklopa. Znatne štete na smilju na nekoliko lokaliteta s područja općine Široki Brijeg nastale su zbog ishrane imaga vrsta Phyllobius argentatus L. i P. oblongus L. Osim ovih štetnika na većini istraživanih lokaliteta pronađene su i lisne uši iz roda Macrosiphoniella.In the last few years, immortelle (Helichrysum italicum) cultivation has experiencing rapid expansion and become a very important agricultural culture in the area of Herzegovina. Areas under immortelle are constantly increasing, and surfaces where immortelle is planted are ranging from 0.1 up to several tens of hectares. The total estimated area under immortelle in Herzegovina today is between 1500 hectares. A monoculture production system on large areas has resulted in appearing of some insect pests, causing significant damage at some sites. During two-year (2015-2016) harmful entomofauna of immortelle was researched at 19 sites in municipalities: Čitluk, Čapljina, Mostar, Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, Grude and Posušje. For the insect pests sampling, plants visual inspection method, were used. Insect pest’s determination was performed on the basis of the morphological characteristics of the adults. In total, nine different insect species from five orders were determined. The most significant damage on immortelle plants in both years of research, was caused by larvae of painted ladies (Vanessa cardui L.). Particularly significant damage was noted on seedlings of the H. italicum, so plant density was significantly reduced on certain sites. Extensive damage caused by adults of two weevil species Phyllobius argentatus L. and P. oblongus L. at several sites in municipality of Široki Brijeg was recorded. In addition to these pests, in most investigated sites, aphids from the genus Macrosiphoniella were also found

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Occurrence of the strawberries fungal diseases and pests on the same cultivars in two ecologically different growing areas

Jagoda (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) je kultivirana vrsta na kojoj se javlja veliki broj štetnika i uzročnika bolesti koje mogu pričiniti ekonomski značajne štete. Tijekom trogodišnjeg (2009., 2010. i 2011.) istraživanja praćena je pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika jagode u dva eksperimentalna nasada Donja Papratnica-Žepče (kontinentalno) i Veljaci-Ljubuški (mediteransko područje). Nasadi su zasađeni frigo sadnicama 10 različitih sorti jagode ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' i 'Tethis'). Pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika praćena je na temelju simptomatologije tijekom vegetacije, a determinacija uzročnika bolesti rađena na temelju morfoloških karakteristika fruktifikacijskih organa izoliranih vrsta. Kukci su prikupljani ručno tijekom vizualnog pregleda biljaka, ručnim aspiratorom, entomološkom mrežom, žutim i plavim ljepljivim pločama te feromonskim lovkama. Determinacija štetnika rađena je na osnovu morfoloških obilježja prikupljenih vrsta, primjenom relevantnih identifikacijskih ključeva. Osjetljivost ispitivanih sorti jagode na utvrđene gljivične bolesti i štetnike procijenjena je na temelju intenziteta zaraze bolestima i intenziteta napada štetnika. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica identificirane su vrste Mycosphaerella fragariae, Phomopsis obscurans i Gnomoniopsis comari kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode te Botrytis cinerea i Colletotrichum acutatum kao uzročnici bolesti ploda jagode. Kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirane su vrste M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum i Podosphaera aphanis. Iz oboljelih plodova na lokalitetu Veljaci izolirane su gljive B. cinerea i C. acutatum, a sporadično na plodovima sorte 'Siba' bili su prisutni simptomi infekcije plodova pepelnicom jagode uzrokovane vrstom P. aphanis. Intenzitet pojave pojedinih bolesti i štetnika značajno se razlikovao ovisno o lokalitetu i godini istraživanja, a sorte su se međusobno značajno razlikovale u osjetljivosti/otpornosti prema uzročnicima bolesti i štetnicima. Sorta 'Madeleine' bila je jako osjetljiva na M. fragariae. Osjetljive su bile sorte 'Marmolada' i 'Clery', dok je sorta 'Galia' bila najotpornija. Sorta 'Galia' je pokazala najveću osjetljivost na uzročnika mrljavosti lista jagode G. comari. Simptomi infekcije jagoda sa D. earlianum bili su najintenzivniji tijekom 2009. godine, a indeks zaraze kretao se od 10,7 % kod sorte 'Naiad' do 28,03 % kod sorte 'Galia'. Na oba lokaliteta palež lista jagode P. obscuran javljala se sporadično, a zaraza je utvrđena na sortama 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' i 'Siba'. Intenzitet pojave simptoma pepelnice jagode bio je izražen tijekom 2010. godine na sortama 'Siba' i 'Naiad'. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u intenzitetu pojave simptoma sive plijesni ovisno o sorti jagode, godini istraživanja i lokalitetu uzgoja jagode. Gledajući trogodišnji prosjek najveći postotak plodova sa simptomima sive plijesni zabilježen je na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica na sortama 'Marmolada' 39,3 %, 'Antea' 38,5 % i 'Arosa' 35,6 %. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica 7,6 % plodova sorte 'Marmolada' i 7,0 % plodova sorte 'Madeleine' imalo je simptome antraknoze, dok je na lokalitetu Veljaci sorta 'Camarosa' s 3,2 % bolesnih plodova bila najosjetljivija. Na lokalitetu Donja Popratnica determinirano je 49 štetnika jagode iz 28 porodica, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripadaju tri vrste, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (1), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (9), Hemiptera (24), Coleoptera (9) i Acarida (1). Najveće štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su od jagodinog cvjetara Anthonomus rubi. Intenzitet šteta od cvjetara povećavao se sa starošću nasada, pa su i najveće štete zabilježene 2011. godine, a postotak oštećenih cvjetova kretao se od 3,3 % na sorti 'Galia' do 7,4 % na sortama 'Marmolada' i 'Clery'. Na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirano je 59 vrsta štetnika jagode koji pripadaju u 22 porodice, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripada osam vrsta, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (2), Diptera (2), Lepidoptera (7), Hemiptera (21), Coleoptera (15) i Acarida (1). Značajne štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su na cvjetovima jagode od dlakavog ružičara Epicometis hirta. Najveće štete na cvjetovima jagode, od ovog štetnika, utvrđene su 2011. godine na sortama 'Clery' 20,1 % i 'Madeleine' 18,0 %.INTRODUCTION: Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is the most important berry fruit crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with raspberries. As reported by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), strawberries are produced on a total of 372,361 ha worldwide. According to the data for 2020, 8.33 million tons of strawberries were produced worldwide. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, strawberries are produced on an area of 1337 ha, and the average yield per hectare is 8.5 tons (Agency for Statistics of B&H). Strawberry is a species where a large number of pests and pathogens occur. This can lead to economically significant losses, and in some cases, the decline of the plantation itself. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi are listed worldwide that cause diseases of cultivated strawberries, of which species from the genera Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora and Verticillium are of the greatest economic importance. The most important strawberry pests worldwide are species from the genera Lygus, Otiorhynchus, Anthonomus, aphids, thrips, mites and, more recently, the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii. The incidence of diseases and pests depends on the area of cultivation, the method of strawberry cultivation and the sensitivity of the cultivar itself. The occurrence of diseases and pests on strawberries in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poorly studied and scientific papers on this issue are rare and mostly outdated. In the absence of domestic breeding centrs, foreign strawberry cultivars, mostly of Italian origin, are mainly present in the cultivation. There are few data on the susceptibility/resistance of these cultivars to fungal pathogens and strawberry pests. The objective of this research are to determine the causes of fungal diseases and pests that occur on strawberries depending on the growing region and strawberry cultivars. This research also aims to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance of the tested strawberry cultivars in different growing areas and evaluate the need for protection measures based on the intensity of disease infection and the intensity of pest occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during three vegetation seasons in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Frigo plants of 10 different strawberry cultivars ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis') were planted in two experimental fields in Ņepĉe on the Donja Papratnica site (Zenica - Doboj County) and in Ljubuńki on the Veljaci site (West Herzegovina County). At each site, 200 plants of each cultivar were planted in the rows on the 1.2 m wide black mulch PVC foil. A drip irrigation system was installed under the foil. The experiments were set up according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). To get a clearer picture of which diseases and which pests of strawberries occur and with what intensity, no pesticides were used during research. The susceptibility to fungal diseases of individual strawberry cultivars was monitored based on the intensity of infestation several times during the growing season from the appearance of the first symptoms to the end of the growing season. The intensity of leaf infestation was evaluated according to a scale: 0 - healthy leaves without disease symptoms; 1 - spots cover up to 10 % of leaf surface; 2 - spots cover 10 – 20 % of leaf surface; 3 - spots affect 20 – 40 % of leaf surface; 4 - spots cover 40 – 60 % of leaf surface; 5 - spots cover over 60 % of leaf surface. Disease index was calculated according to the Mc Kinney formula. Susceptibility to fungal diseases of fruits was evaluated on each cultivar by examining all fruits on 20 randomly selected strawberry bushes. The results were presented as the percentage of fruits with a disease symptom in relation to the total number of examined fruits. The samples of infected strawberry plant parts were taken to the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, the University of Mostar for isolation and determination of fungi causing the disease. Determination of fungal species was done based on the morphological characteristics of sporulation organs (fruiting bodies, spores) after incubation in humid chambers. Isolation of pathogenic fungi in pure culture was carried out by conventional methods on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The time of emergence and population of pest was measured by visual inspection of strawberry bushes several times during the growing season. To collect strawberry pests of smaller body dimensions entomological nets and hand aspirators were used. Yellow and blue sticky boards were used as a visual attractants. Pheromone traps VARb3k and VARb3z from the Hungarian manufacturer Csalomon were used to monitor the population of hairy scarab Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta and white-spotted rose beetle Oxythyrea funesta. The identification of collected strawberry pests was done based on morphological characteristics of individual species using all available identification keys. To be able to perform accurate determination, larvae (caterpillars) of individual species collected by visual inspection were grown to an adult form in the entomological cages. For statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated using the software SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and for comparison of average values, the LSD test (p = 0.05) was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the symptoms of infected strawberries and morphological characteristics of fungal isolates in pure culture, a total of 7 fungal species were identified. The following species were identified at Donja Papratnica site (continental area): Mycosphaerella fragariae, Gnomoniopsis comari, Phomopsis obscurans, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum. Seven species were identified at the Veljaci site (Mediterranean area): M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum, Podosphaera aphanis, C. acutatum and B. cinerea. The common leaf spot (M. fragariae) was found at both sites and the symptoms of the disease were present in all strawberry cultivars. Disease severity and the intensity of the symptoms varied significantly from year to year and between sites. Disease severity at the Donja Papratnica site ranged from 1.2 on the cultivar 'Galia' to 13.3 on the cultivar 'Madeline'. At Veljaci location, disease severity and the intensity of the appearance of symptoms of common leaf spot were more pronounced during all three years of the study. The intensity of infection at this site ranged from 6.4 on the cultivar ‗Galia‘ to 38.7 on the cultivar ‗Madeleine‘. Gnomonia leaf blotch (G. comari) was detected at both sites during all three years of the experiment. The 'Galia' cultivar showed the greatest susceptibility to the pathogen G. comari. The ‗Marmolada‘ and ‗Antea‘ cultivars were susceptible, while the ‗Camarosa‘ and ‗Tethis‘ cultivars were less susceptible to this pathogen. Symptoms of gnomonia leaf blotch were not found on the 'Madeleine' cultivar. Infection of strawberries with leaf scorch (D. earlianum) was found only at the Veljaci site. The first symptoms of this disease were observed on the leaves of strawberries in early May. There were statistically significant differences in the susceptibility of cultivars to this pathogen. Symptoms of the disease on the 'Madeleine' cultivar during the three-year research were not found. The cultivars 'Naiad' and 'Arosa' were also less sensitive. The cultivar 'Siba' was the most sensitive to the to the strawberry leaf scorch, but it did not differ statistically significantly in sensitivity from the cultivars 'Galia', 'Clery', 'Tethis', 'Camarosa', 'Marmolada' and 'Antea'. Symptoms of leaf blight (P. obscurans) were found during all three years of research at both sites. The appearance of symptoms was sporadic and this disease, according to the results of our research, has no greater significance. Symptoms of leaf blight were found on the cultivars 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' and 'Siba'. Due to the long incubation period, the expression of the symptoms of the disease in our agroecological conditions occurs during July. During our research, we determined the infection of strawberries with powdery mildew only at the Veljaci site, on the cultivars: 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis'. In 2009, powdery mildew appeared at the Veljaci site with greater intensity in mid-May and again at the beginning of October. The cultivars that showed the highest susceptibility to powdery mildew were ‗Siba‘ with an infestation index of 56.4 and ‗Naiad‘ with an infestation index of 53.2. Considering the three-year average, the highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold B. cinerea at the Donja Papratnica site was recorded on the cultivars 'Marmolada' 39.3 %, 'Antea' 38.5 % and 'Arosa' 35.6 %. The lowest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold was recorded on the cultivar 'Camarosa' 20.4 %. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold at the Veljaci site was recorded on the cultivars 'Arosa' 17.5 % and 'Galia' 17.4 %, and the lowest on the cultivars 'Tethis' 7.3 % and 'Camarosa' 8.5 %. Strawberry anthracnose, coused by Colletotrichum acutatum was determined at both localities. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of anthracnose was recorded in the cultivars 'Marmolada' 7.6 % and 'Madeleine' 7.0 % in the Donja Papratnica site. At this site, 49 strawberry pests were determined, which systematically belong to 28 different families, ie 8 orders. At the Veljaci site, 59 pests from 22 families, ie 8 orders, were determined. Species from the order Orthoptera, genera Pholidoptera spp., Omocestus spp. and Pezotettix spp. were determined at the Donja Papratnica site. Higher abundance of the species Decticus albifrons Fabricius was recorded at Veljaci site. Other species of the order Orthoptera determined at the Veljaci site were: Tettigonia viridissima L., Ephippiger ephippiger Fiebig and also species of the genera Pachytrachis spp., Oedipoda spp., Euchorthippus spp. and Omocestus spp. During the research, a total of 17 different species of leafhoppers from the genus Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae and Membracidae were determined. With their high abundance the species Edwardsiana rosae L., Philaenus spumarius L., Cercopis vulnerata Rossi and also the species from the genus Eupteryx spp. could be highlighted. The species Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood was determined at both localities. In the experimental field ten species of the true bugs from the families Miridae, Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae and Pyrrhocoridae were determined. The species Aphis forbesi Weed and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cock. belonging to Aphididae family were determined at both sites. A more severe infestation of the strawberry root aphid A. forbesi was recorded during 2010 at both sites. Two species from the order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae; Allantus (Emphytus) calceatus Klug and Allantus (Emphytus) cinctus L. were determined. Besides, seven species from the family Curculionidae, genera Anthonomus, Otiorhynchus, Strophomorphus, Phyllobius, and Sitona were determined. The most significant strawberry pest at the Donja Papratnica site was the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst. Damage to flower buds from strawberry blossom weevil was present throughout all three years of research, and the intensity of damage increased with the age of the plants. The greatest damage from A. rubi at Donja Papratnica site was recorded during 2011, and the percentage of damaged flowers ranged from 3.3 % on the cultivar 'Galia' to 7.4 % on the cultivars 'Marmolada' and 'Clery'. Species that belonging to the genus Otiorhynchus; Otiorhynchus ovatus L., O. rugosostriatus Goeze, and O. corruptor Host were determined. Significant damage to strawberry flowers due to hairy scarab E. hirta was recorded at the Veljaci site. The intensity of damage from this species varied depending on the year of cultivation and strawberry cultivars. The highest percentage of strawberry flowers damaged by E. hirta was recorded on the cultivars 'Clery' 20.1 % and 'Madeleine' 18.0 % during 2011. The lowest percentage of damaged flowers was recorded in cultivars 'Camarosa' 9.5 % and 'Galia' 9.6 %

Occurrence of the strawberries fungal diseases and pests on the same cultivars in two ecologically different growing areas

Jagoda (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) je kultivirana vrsta na kojoj se javlja veliki broj štetnika i uzročnika bolesti koje mogu pričiniti ekonomski značajne štete. Tijekom trogodišnjeg (2009., 2010. i 2011.) istraživanja praćena je pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika jagode u dva eksperimentalna nasada Donja Papratnica-Žepče (kontinentalno) i Veljaci-Ljubuški (mediteransko područje). Nasadi su zasađeni frigo sadnicama 10 različitih sorti jagode ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' i 'Tethis'). Pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika praćena je na temelju simptomatologije tijekom vegetacije, a determinacija uzročnika bolesti rađena na temelju morfoloških karakteristika fruktifikacijskih organa izoliranih vrsta. Kukci su prikupljani ručno tijekom vizualnog pregleda biljaka, ručnim aspiratorom, entomološkom mrežom, žutim i plavim ljepljivim pločama te feromonskim lovkama. Determinacija štetnika rađena je na osnovu morfoloških obilježja prikupljenih vrsta, primjenom relevantnih identifikacijskih ključeva. Osjetljivost ispitivanih sorti jagode na utvrđene gljivične bolesti i štetnike procijenjena je na temelju intenziteta zaraze bolestima i intenziteta napada štetnika. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica identificirane su vrste Mycosphaerella fragariae, Phomopsis obscurans i Gnomoniopsis comari kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode te Botrytis cinerea i Colletotrichum acutatum kao uzročnici bolesti ploda jagode. Kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirane su vrste M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum i Podosphaera aphanis. Iz oboljelih plodova na lokalitetu Veljaci izolirane su gljive B. cinerea i C. acutatum, a sporadično na plodovima sorte 'Siba' bili su prisutni simptomi infekcije plodova pepelnicom jagode uzrokovane vrstom P. aphanis. Intenzitet pojave pojedinih bolesti i štetnika značajno se razlikovao ovisno o lokalitetu i godini istraživanja, a sorte su se međusobno značajno razlikovale u osjetljivosti/otpornosti prema uzročnicima bolesti i štetnicima. Sorta 'Madeleine' bila je jako osjetljiva na M. fragariae. Osjetljive su bile sorte 'Marmolada' i 'Clery', dok je sorta 'Galia' bila najotpornija. Sorta 'Galia' je pokazala najveću osjetljivost na uzročnika mrljavosti lista jagode G. comari. Simptomi infekcije jagoda sa D. earlianum bili su najintenzivniji tijekom 2009. godine, a indeks zaraze kretao se od 10,7 % kod sorte 'Naiad' do 28,03 % kod sorte 'Galia'. Na oba lokaliteta palež lista jagode P. obscuran javljala se sporadično, a zaraza je utvrđena na sortama 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' i 'Siba'. Intenzitet pojave simptoma pepelnice jagode bio je izražen tijekom 2010. godine na sortama 'Siba' i 'Naiad'. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u intenzitetu pojave simptoma sive plijesni ovisno o sorti jagode, godini istraživanja i lokalitetu uzgoja jagode. Gledajući trogodišnji prosjek najveći postotak plodova sa simptomima sive plijesni zabilježen je na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica na sortama 'Marmolada' 39,3 %, 'Antea' 38,5 % i 'Arosa' 35,6 %. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica 7,6 % plodova sorte 'Marmolada' i 7,0 % plodova sorte 'Madeleine' imalo je simptome antraknoze, dok je na lokalitetu Veljaci sorta 'Camarosa' s 3,2 % bolesnih plodova bila najosjetljivija. Na lokalitetu Donja Popratnica determinirano je 49 štetnika jagode iz 28 porodica, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripadaju tri vrste, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (1), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (9), Hemiptera (24), Coleoptera (9) i Acarida (1). Najveće štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su od jagodinog cvjetara Anthonomus rubi. Intenzitet šteta od cvjetara povećavao se sa starošću nasada, pa su i najveće štete zabilježene 2011. godine, a postotak oštećenih cvjetova kretao se od 3,3 % na sorti 'Galia' do 7,4 % na sortama 'Marmolada' i 'Clery'. Na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirano je 59 vrsta štetnika jagode koji pripadaju u 22 porodice, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripada osam vrsta, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (2), Diptera (2), Lepidoptera (7), Hemiptera (21), Coleoptera (15) i Acarida (1). Značajne štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su na cvjetovima jagode od dlakavog ružičara Epicometis hirta. Najveće štete na cvjetovima jagode, od ovog štetnika, utvrđene su 2011. godine na sortama 'Clery' 20,1 % i 'Madeleine' 18,0 %.INTRODUCTION: Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is the most important berry fruit crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with raspberries. As reported by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), strawberries are produced on a total of 372,361 ha worldwide. According to the data for 2020, 8.33 million tons of strawberries were produced worldwide. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, strawberries are produced on an area of 1337 ha, and the average yield per hectare is 8.5 tons (Agency for Statistics of B&H). Strawberry is a species where a large number of pests and pathogens occur. This can lead to economically significant losses, and in some cases, the decline of the plantation itself. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi are listed worldwide that cause diseases of cultivated strawberries, of which species from the genera Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora and Verticillium are of the greatest economic importance. The most important strawberry pests worldwide are species from the genera Lygus, Otiorhynchus, Anthonomus, aphids, thrips, mites and, more recently, the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii. The incidence of diseases and pests depends on the area of cultivation, the method of strawberry cultivation and the sensitivity of the cultivar itself. The occurrence of diseases and pests on strawberries in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poorly studied and scientific papers on this issue are rare and mostly outdated. In the absence of domestic breeding centrs, foreign strawberry cultivars, mostly of Italian origin, are mainly present in the cultivation. There are few data on the susceptibility/resistance of these cultivars to fungal pathogens and strawberry pests. The objective of this research are to determine the causes of fungal diseases and pests that occur on strawberries depending on the growing region and strawberry cultivars. This research also aims to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance of the tested strawberry cultivars in different growing areas and evaluate the need for protection measures based on the intensity of disease infection and the intensity of pest occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during three vegetation seasons in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Frigo plants of 10 different strawberry cultivars ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis') were planted in two experimental fields in Žepče on the Donja Papratnica site (Zenica - Doboj County) and in Ljubuški on the Veljaci site (West Herzegovina County). At each site, 200 plants of each cultivar were planted in the rows on the 1.2 m wide black mulch PVC foil. A drip irrigation system was installed under the foil. The experiments were set up according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). To get a clearer picture of which diseases and which pests of strawberries occur and with what intensity, no pesticides were used during research. The susceptibility to fungal diseases of individual strawberry cultivars was monitored based on the intensity of infestation several times during the growing season from the appearance of the first symptoms to the end of the growing season. The intensity of leaf infestation was evaluated according to a scale: 0 - healthy leaves without disease symptoms; 1 - spots cover up to 10 % of leaf surface; 2 - spots cover 10 – 20 % of leaf surface; 3 - spots affect 20 – 40 % of leaf surface; 4 - spots cover 40 – 60 % of leaf surface; 5 - spots cover over 60 % of leaf surface. Disease index was calculated according to the Mc Kinney formula. Susceptibility to fungal diseases of fruits was evaluated on each cultivar by examining all fruits on 20 randomly selected strawberry bushes. The results were presented as the percentage of fruits with a disease symptom in relation to the total number of examined fruits. The samples of infected strawberry plant parts were taken to the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, the University of Mostar for isolation and determination of fungi causing the disease. Determination of fungal species was done based on the morphological characteristics of sporulation organs (fruiting bodies, spores) after incubation in humid chambers. Isolation of pathogenic fungi in pure culture was carried out by conventional methods on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The time of emergence and population of pest was measured by visual inspection of strawberry bushes several times during the growing season. To collect strawberry pests of smaller body dimensions entomological nets and hand aspirators were used. Yellow and blue sticky boards were used as a visual attractants. Pheromone traps VARb3k and VARb3z from the Hungarian manufacturer Csalomon were used to monitor the population of hairy scarab Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta and white-spotted rose beetle Oxythyrea funesta. The identification of collected strawberry pests was done based on morphological characteristics of individual species using all available identification keys. To be able to perform accurate determination, larvae (caterpillars) of individual species collected by visual inspection were grown to an adult form in the entomological cages. For statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated using the software SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and for comparison of average values, the LSD test (p = 0.05) was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the symptoms of infected strawberries and morphological characteristics of fungal isolates in pure culture, a total of 7 fungal species were identified. The following species were identified at Donja Papratnica site (continental area): Mycosphaerella fragariae, Gnomoniopsis comari, Phomopsis obscurans, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum. Seven species were identified at the Veljaci site (Mediterranean area): M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum, Podosphaera aphanis, C. acutatum and B. cinerea. The common leaf spot (M. fragariae) was found at both sites and the symptoms of the disease were present in all strawberry cultivars. Disease severity and the intensity of the symptoms varied significantly from year to year and between sites. Disease severity at the Donja Papratnica site ranged from 1.2 on the cultivar 'Galia' to 13.3 on the cultivar 'Madeline'. At Veljaci location, disease severity and the intensity of the appearance of symptoms of common leaf spot were more pronounced during all three years of the study. The intensity of infection at this site ranged from 6.4 on the cultivar ‘Galia’ to 38.7 on the cultivar ‘Madeleine’. Gnomonia leaf blotch (G. comari) was detected at both sites during all three years of the experiment. The 'Galia' cultivar showed the greatest susceptibility to the pathogen G. comari. The ‘Marmolada’ and ‘Antea’ cultivars were susceptible, while the ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Tethis’ cultivars were less susceptible to this pathogen. Symptoms of gnomonia leaf blotch were not found on the 'Madeleine' cultivar. Infection of strawberries with leaf scorch (D. earlianum) was found only at the Veljaci site. The first symptoms of this disease were observed on the leaves of strawberries in early May. There were statistically significant differences in the susceptibility of cultivars to this pathogen. Symptoms of the disease on the 'Madeleine' cultivar during the three-year research were not found. The cultivars 'Naiad' and 'Arosa' were also less sensitive. The cultivar 'Siba' was the most sensitive to the to the strawberry leaf scorch, but it did not differ statistically significantly in sensitivity from the cultivars 'Galia', 'Clery', 'Tethis', 'Camarosa', 'Marmolada' and 'Antea'. Symptoms of leaf blight (P. obscurans) were found during all three years of research at both sites. The appearance of symptoms was sporadic and this disease, according to the results of our research, has no greater significance. Symptoms of leaf blight were found on the cultivars 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' and 'Siba'. Due to the long incubation period, the expression of the symptoms of the disease in our agroecological conditions occurs during July. During our research, we determined the infection of strawberries with powdery mildew only at the Veljaci site, on the cultivars: 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis'. In 2009, powdery mildew appeared at the Veljaci site with greater intensity in mid-May and again at the beginning of October. The cultivars that showed the highest susceptibility to powdery mildew were ‘Siba’ with an infestation index of 56.4 and ‘Naiad’ with an infestation index of 53.2. Considering the three-year average, the highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold B. cinerea at the Donja Papratnica site was recorded on the cultivars 'Marmolada' 39.3 %, 'Antea' 38.5 % and 'Arosa' 35.6 %. The lowest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold was recorded on the cultivar 'Camarosa' 20.4 %. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold at the Veljaci site was recorded on the cultivars 'Arosa' 17.5 % and 'Galia' 17.4 %, and the lowest on the cultivars 'Tethis' 7.3 % and 'Camarosa' 8.5 %. Strawberry anthracnose, coused by Colletotrichum acutatum was determined at both localities. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of anthracnose was recorded in the cultivars 'Marmolada' 7.6 % and 'Madeleine' 7.0 % in the Donja Papratnica site. At this site, 49 strawberry pests were determined, which systematically belong to 28 different families, ie 8 orders. At the Veljaci site, 59 pests from 22 families, ie 8 orders, were determined. Species from the order Orthoptera, genera Pholidoptera spp., Omocestus spp. and Pezotettix spp. were determined at the Donja Papratnica site. Higher abundance of the species Decticus albifrons Fabricius was recorded at Veljaci site. Other species of the order Orthoptera determined at the Veljaci site were: Tettigonia viridissima L., Ephippiger ephippiger Fiebig and also species of the genera Pachytrachis spp., Oedipoda spp., Euchorthippus spp. and Omocestus spp. During the research, a total of 17 different species of leafhoppers from the genus Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae and Membracidae were determined. With their high abundance the species Edwardsiana rosae L., Philaenus spumarius L., Cercopis vulnerata Rossi and also the species from the genus Eupteryx spp. could be highlighted. The species Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood was determined at both localities. In the experimental field ten species of the true bugs from the families Miridae, Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae and Pyrrhocoridae were determined. The species Aphis forbesi Weed and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cock. belonging to Aphididae family were determined at both sites. A more severe infestation of the strawberry root aphid A. forbesi was recorded during 2010 at both sites. Two species from the order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae; Allantus (Emphytus) calceatus Klug and Allantus (Emphytus) cinctus L. were determined. Besides, seven species from the family Curculionidae, genera Anthonomus, Otiorhynchus, Strophomorphus, Phyllobius, and Sitona were determined. The most significant strawberry pest at the Donja Papratnica site was the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst. Damage to flower buds from strawberry blossom weevil was present throughout all three years of research, and the intensity of damage increased with the age of the plants. The greatest damage from A. rubi at Donja Papratnica site was recorded during 2011, and the percentage of damaged flowers ranged from 3.3 % on the cultivar 'Galia' to 7.4 % on the cultivars 'Marmolada' and 'Clery'. Species that belonging to the genus Otiorhynchus; Otiorhynchus ovatus L., O. rugosostriatus Goeze, and O. corruptor Host were determined. Significant damage to strawberry flowers due to hairy scarab E. hirta was recorded at the Veljaci site. The intensity of damage from this species varied depending on the year of cultivation and strawberry cultivars. The highest percentage of strawberry flowers damaged by E. hirta was recorded on the cultivars 'Clery' 20.1 % and 'Madeleine' 18.0 % during 2011. The lowest percentage of damaged flowers was recorded in cultivars 'Camarosa' 9.5 % and 'Galia' 9.6 %

Occurrence of the strawberries fungal diseases and pests on the same cultivars in two ecologically different growing areas

Jagoda (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) je kultivirana vrsta na kojoj se javlja veliki broj štetnika i uzročnika bolesti koje mogu pričiniti ekonomski značajne štete. Tijekom trogodišnjeg (2009., 2010. i 2011.) istraživanja praćena je pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika jagode u dva eksperimentalna nasada Donja Papratnica-Žepče (kontinentalno) i Veljaci-Ljubuški (mediteransko područje). Nasadi su zasađeni frigo sadnicama 10 različitih sorti jagode ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' i 'Tethis'). Pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika praćena je na temelju simptomatologije tijekom vegetacije, a determinacija uzročnika bolesti rađena na temelju morfoloških karakteristika fruktifikacijskih organa izoliranih vrsta. Kukci su prikupljani ručno tijekom vizualnog pregleda biljaka, ručnim aspiratorom, entomološkom mrežom, žutim i plavim ljepljivim pločama te feromonskim lovkama. Determinacija štetnika rađena je na osnovu morfoloških obilježja prikupljenih vrsta, primjenom relevantnih identifikacijskih ključeva. Osjetljivost ispitivanih sorti jagode na utvrđene gljivične bolesti i štetnike procijenjena je na temelju intenziteta zaraze bolestima i intenziteta napada štetnika. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica identificirane su vrste Mycosphaerella fragariae, Phomopsis obscurans i Gnomoniopsis comari kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode te Botrytis cinerea i Colletotrichum acutatum kao uzročnici bolesti ploda jagode. Kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirane su vrste M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum i Podosphaera aphanis. Iz oboljelih plodova na lokalitetu Veljaci izolirane su gljive B. cinerea i C. acutatum, a sporadično na plodovima sorte 'Siba' bili su prisutni simptomi infekcije plodova pepelnicom jagode uzrokovane vrstom P. aphanis. Intenzitet pojave pojedinih bolesti i štetnika značajno se razlikovao ovisno o lokalitetu i godini istraživanja, a sorte su se međusobno značajno razlikovale u osjetljivosti/otpornosti prema uzročnicima bolesti i štetnicima. Sorta 'Madeleine' bila je jako osjetljiva na M. fragariae. Osjetljive su bile sorte 'Marmolada' i 'Clery', dok je sorta 'Galia' bila najotpornija. Sorta 'Galia' je pokazala najveću osjetljivost na uzročnika mrljavosti lista jagode G. comari. Simptomi infekcije jagoda sa D. earlianum bili su najintenzivniji tijekom 2009. godine, a indeks zaraze kretao se od 10,7 % kod sorte 'Naiad' do 28,03 % kod sorte 'Galia'. Na oba lokaliteta palež lista jagode P. obscuran javljala se sporadično, a zaraza je utvrđena na sortama 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' i 'Siba'. Intenzitet pojave simptoma pepelnice jagode bio je izražen tijekom 2010. godine na sortama 'Siba' i 'Naiad'. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u intenzitetu pojave simptoma sive plijesni ovisno o sorti jagode, godini istraživanja i lokalitetu uzgoja jagode. Gledajući trogodišnji prosjek najveći postotak plodova sa simptomima sive plijesni zabilježen je na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica na sortama 'Marmolada' 39,3 %, 'Antea' 38,5 % i 'Arosa' 35,6 %. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica 7,6 % plodova sorte 'Marmolada' i 7,0 % plodova sorte 'Madeleine' imalo je simptome antraknoze, dok je na lokalitetu Veljaci sorta 'Camarosa' s 3,2 % bolesnih plodova bila najosjetljivija. Na lokalitetu Donja Popratnica determinirano je 49 štetnika jagode iz 28 porodica, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripadaju tri vrste, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (1), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (9), Hemiptera (24), Coleoptera (9) i Acarida (1). Najveće štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su od jagodinog cvjetara Anthonomus rubi. Intenzitet šteta od cvjetara povećavao se sa starošću nasada, pa su i najveće štete zabilježene 2011. godine, a postotak oštećenih cvjetova kretao se od 3,3 % na sorti 'Galia' do 7,4 % na sortama 'Marmolada' i 'Clery'. Na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirano je 59 vrsta štetnika jagode koji pripadaju u 22 porodice, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripada osam vrsta, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (2), Diptera (2), Lepidoptera (7), Hemiptera (21), Coleoptera (15) i Acarida (1). Značajne štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su na cvjetovima jagode od dlakavog ružičara Epicometis hirta. Najveće štete na cvjetovima jagode, od ovog štetnika, utvrđene su 2011. godine na sortama 'Clery' 20,1 % i 'Madeleine' 18,0 %.INTRODUCTION: Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is the most important berry fruit crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with raspberries. As reported by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), strawberries are produced on a total of 372,361 ha worldwide. According to the data for 2020, 8.33 million tons of strawberries were produced worldwide. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, strawberries are produced on an area of 1337 ha, and the average yield per hectare is 8.5 tons (Agency for Statistics of B&H). Strawberry is a species where a large number of pests and pathogens occur. This can lead to economically significant losses, and in some cases, the decline of the plantation itself. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi are listed worldwide that cause diseases of cultivated strawberries, of which species from the genera Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora and Verticillium are of the greatest economic importance. The most important strawberry pests worldwide are species from the genera Lygus, Otiorhynchus, Anthonomus, aphids, thrips, mites and, more recently, the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii. The incidence of diseases and pests depends on the area of cultivation, the method of strawberry cultivation and the sensitivity of the cultivar itself. The occurrence of diseases and pests on strawberries in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poorly studied and scientific papers on this issue are rare and mostly outdated. In the absence of domestic breeding centrs, foreign strawberry cultivars, mostly of Italian origin, are mainly present in the cultivation. There are few data on the susceptibility/resistance of these cultivars to fungal pathogens and strawberry pests. The objective of this research are to determine the causes of fungal diseases and pests that occur on strawberries depending on the growing region and strawberry cultivars. This research also aims to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance of the tested strawberry cultivars in different growing areas and evaluate the need for protection measures based on the intensity of disease infection and the intensity of pest occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during three vegetation seasons in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Frigo plants of 10 different strawberry cultivars ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis') were planted in two experimental fields in Žepče on the Donja Papratnica site (Zenica - Doboj County) and in Ljubuški on the Veljaci site (West Herzegovina County). At each site, 200 plants of each cultivar were planted in the rows on the 1.2 m wide black mulch PVC foil. A drip irrigation system was installed under the foil. The experiments were set up according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). To get a clearer picture of which diseases and which pests of strawberries occur and with what intensity, no pesticides were used during research. The susceptibility to fungal diseases of individual strawberry cultivars was monitored based on the intensity of infestation several times during the growing season from the appearance of the first symptoms to the end of the growing season. The intensity of leaf infestation was evaluated according to a scale: 0 - healthy leaves without disease symptoms; 1 - spots cover up to 10 % of leaf surface; 2 - spots cover 10 – 20 % of leaf surface; 3 - spots affect 20 – 40 % of leaf surface; 4 - spots cover 40 – 60 % of leaf surface; 5 - spots cover over 60 % of leaf surface. Disease index was calculated according to the Mc Kinney formula. Susceptibility to fungal diseases of fruits was evaluated on each cultivar by examining all fruits on 20 randomly selected strawberry bushes. The results were presented as the percentage of fruits with a disease symptom in relation to the total number of examined fruits. The samples of infected strawberry plant parts were taken to the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, the University of Mostar for isolation and determination of fungi causing the disease. Determination of fungal species was done based on the morphological characteristics of sporulation organs (fruiting bodies, spores) after incubation in humid chambers. Isolation of pathogenic fungi in pure culture was carried out by conventional methods on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The time of emergence and population of pest was measured by visual inspection of strawberry bushes several times during the growing season. To collect strawberry pests of smaller body dimensions entomological nets and hand aspirators were used. Yellow and blue sticky boards were used as a visual attractants. Pheromone traps VARb3k and VARb3z from the Hungarian manufacturer Csalomon were used to monitor the population of hairy scarab Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta and white-spotted rose beetle Oxythyrea funesta. The identification of collected strawberry pests was done based on morphological characteristics of individual species using all available identification keys. To be able to perform accurate determination, larvae (caterpillars) of individual species collected by visual inspection were grown to an adult form in the entomological cages. For statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated using the software SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and for comparison of average values, the LSD test (p = 0.05) was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the symptoms of infected strawberries and morphological characteristics of fungal isolates in pure culture, a total of 7 fungal species were identified. The following species were identified at Donja Papratnica site (continental area): Mycosphaerella fragariae, Gnomoniopsis comari, Phomopsis obscurans, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum. Seven species were identified at the Veljaci site (Mediterranean area): M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum, Podosphaera aphanis, C. acutatum and B. cinerea. The common leaf spot (M. fragariae) was found at both sites and the symptoms of the disease were present in all strawberry cultivars. Disease severity and the intensity of the symptoms varied significantly from year to year and between sites. Disease severity at the Donja Papratnica site ranged from 1.2 on the cultivar 'Galia' to 13.3 on the cultivar 'Madeline'. At Veljaci location, disease severity and the intensity of the appearance of symptoms of common leaf spot were more pronounced during all three years of the study. The intensity of infection at this site ranged from 6.4 on the cultivar ‘Galia’ to 38.7 on the cultivar ‘Madeleine’. Gnomonia leaf blotch (G. comari) was detected at both sites during all three years of the experiment. The 'Galia' cultivar showed the greatest susceptibility to the pathogen G. comari. The ‘Marmolada’ and ‘Antea’ cultivars were susceptible, while the ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Tethis’ cultivars were less susceptible to this pathogen. Symptoms of gnomonia leaf blotch were not found on the 'Madeleine' cultivar. Infection of strawberries with leaf scorch (D. earlianum) was found only at the Veljaci site. The first symptoms of this disease were observed on the leaves of strawberries in early May. There were statistically significant differences in the susceptibility of cultivars to this pathogen. Symptoms of the disease on the 'Madeleine' cultivar during the three-year research were not found. The cultivars 'Naiad' and 'Arosa' were also less sensitive. The cultivar 'Siba' was the most sensitive to the to the strawberry leaf scorch, but it did not differ statistically significantly in sensitivity from the cultivars 'Galia', 'Clery', 'Tethis', 'Camarosa', 'Marmolada' and 'Antea'. Symptoms of leaf blight (P. obscurans) were found during all three years of research at both sites. The appearance of symptoms was sporadic and this disease, according to the results of our research, has no greater significance. Symptoms of leaf blight were found on the cultivars 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' and 'Siba'. Due to the long incubation period, the expression of the symptoms of the disease in our agroecological conditions occurs during July. During our research, we determined the infection of strawberries with powdery mildew only at the Veljaci site, on the cultivars: 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis'. In 2009, powdery mildew appeared at the Veljaci site with greater intensity in mid-May and again at the beginning of October. The cultivars that showed the highest susceptibility to powdery mildew were ‘Siba’ with an infestation index of 56.4 and ‘Naiad’ with an infestation index of 53.2. Considering the three-year average, the highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold B. cinerea at the Donja Papratnica site was recorded on the cultivars 'Marmolada' 39.3 %, 'Antea' 38.5 % and 'Arosa' 35.6 %. The lowest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold was recorded on the cultivar 'Camarosa' 20.4 %. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold at the Veljaci site was recorded on the cultivars 'Arosa' 17.5 % and 'Galia' 17.4 %, and the lowest on the cultivars 'Tethis' 7.3 % and 'Camarosa' 8.5 %. Strawberry anthracnose, coused by Colletotrichum acutatum was determined at both localities. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of anthracnose was recorded in the cultivars 'Marmolada' 7.6 % and 'Madeleine' 7.0 % in the Donja Papratnica site. At this site, 49 strawberry pests were determined, which systematically belong to 28 different families, ie 8 orders. At the Veljaci site, 59 pests from 22 families, ie 8 orders, were determined. Species from the order Orthoptera, genera Pholidoptera spp., Omocestus spp. and Pezotettix spp. were determined at the Donja Papratnica site. Higher abundance of the species Decticus albifrons Fabricius was recorded at Veljaci site. Other species of the order Orthoptera determined at the Veljaci site were: Tettigonia viridissima L., Ephippiger ephippiger Fiebig and also species of the genera Pachytrachis spp., Oedipoda spp., Euchorthippus spp. and Omocestus spp. During the research, a total of 17 different species of leafhoppers from the genus Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae and Membracidae were determined. With their high abundance the species Edwardsiana rosae L., Philaenus spumarius L., Cercopis vulnerata Rossi and also the species from the genus Eupteryx spp. could be highlighted. The species Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood was determined at both localities. In the experimental field ten species of the true bugs from the families Miridae, Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae and Pyrrhocoridae were determined. The species Aphis forbesi Weed and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cock. belonging to Aphididae family were determined at both sites. A more severe infestation of the strawberry root aphid A. forbesi was recorded during 2010 at both sites. Two species from the order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae; Allantus (Emphytus) calceatus Klug and Allantus (Emphytus) cinctus L. were determined. Besides, seven species from the family Curculionidae, genera Anthonomus, Otiorhynchus, Strophomorphus, Phyllobius, and Sitona were determined. The most significant strawberry pest at the Donja Papratnica site was the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst. Damage to flower buds from strawberry blossom weevil was present throughout all three years of research, and the intensity of damage increased with the age of the plants. The greatest damage from A. rubi at Donja Papratnica site was recorded during 2011, and the percentage of damaged flowers ranged from 3.3 % on the cultivar 'Galia' to 7.4 % on the cultivars 'Marmolada' and 'Clery'. Species that belonging to the genus Otiorhynchus; Otiorhynchus ovatus L., O. rugosostriatus Goeze, and O. corruptor Host were determined. Significant damage to strawberry flowers due to hairy scarab E. hirta was recorded at the Veljaci site. The intensity of damage from this species varied depending on the year of cultivation and strawberry cultivars. The highest percentage of strawberry flowers damaged by E. hirta was recorded on the cultivars 'Clery' 20.1 % and 'Madeleine' 18.0 % during 2011. The lowest percentage of damaged flowers was recorded in cultivars 'Camarosa' 9.5 % and 'Galia' 9.6 %

Occurrence of the strawberries fungal diseases and pests on the same cultivars in two ecologically different growing areas

Jagoda (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) je kultivirana vrsta na kojoj se javlja veliki broj štetnika i uzročnika bolesti koje mogu pričiniti ekonomski značajne štete. Tijekom trogodišnjeg (2009., 2010. i 2011.) istraživanja praćena je pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika jagode u dva eksperimentalna nasada Donja Papratnica-Žepče (kontinentalno) i Veljaci-Ljubuški (mediteransko područje). Nasadi su zasađeni frigo sadnicama 10 različitih sorti jagode ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' i 'Tethis'). Pojava gljivičnih bolesti i štetnika praćena je na temelju simptomatologije tijekom vegetacije, a determinacija uzročnika bolesti rađena na temelju morfoloških karakteristika fruktifikacijskih organa izoliranih vrsta. Kukci su prikupljani ručno tijekom vizualnog pregleda biljaka, ručnim aspiratorom, entomološkom mrežom, žutim i plavim ljepljivim pločama te feromonskim lovkama. Determinacija štetnika rađena je na osnovu morfoloških obilježja prikupljenih vrsta, primjenom relevantnih identifikacijskih ključeva. Osjetljivost ispitivanih sorti jagode na utvrđene gljivične bolesti i štetnike procijenjena je na temelju intenziteta zaraze bolestima i intenziteta napada štetnika. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica identificirane su vrste Mycosphaerella fragariae, Phomopsis obscurans i Gnomoniopsis comari kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode te Botrytis cinerea i Colletotrichum acutatum kao uzročnici bolesti ploda jagode. Kao uzročnici bolesti lista jagode na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirane su vrste M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum i Podosphaera aphanis. Iz oboljelih plodova na lokalitetu Veljaci izolirane su gljive B. cinerea i C. acutatum, a sporadično na plodovima sorte 'Siba' bili su prisutni simptomi infekcije plodova pepelnicom jagode uzrokovane vrstom P. aphanis. Intenzitet pojave pojedinih bolesti i štetnika značajno se razlikovao ovisno o lokalitetu i godini istraživanja, a sorte su se međusobno značajno razlikovale u osjetljivosti/otpornosti prema uzročnicima bolesti i štetnicima. Sorta 'Madeleine' bila je jako osjetljiva na M. fragariae. Osjetljive su bile sorte 'Marmolada' i 'Clery', dok je sorta 'Galia' bila najotpornija. Sorta 'Galia' je pokazala najveću osjetljivost na uzročnika mrljavosti lista jagode G. comari. Simptomi infekcije jagoda sa D. earlianum bili su najintenzivniji tijekom 2009. godine, a indeks zaraze kretao se od 10,7 % kod sorte 'Naiad' do 28,03 % kod sorte 'Galia'. Na oba lokaliteta palež lista jagode P. obscuran javljala se sporadično, a zaraza je utvrđena na sortama 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' i 'Siba'. Intenzitet pojave simptoma pepelnice jagode bio je izražen tijekom 2010. godine na sortama 'Siba' i 'Naiad'. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u intenzitetu pojave simptoma sive plijesni ovisno o sorti jagode, godini istraživanja i lokalitetu uzgoja jagode. Gledajući trogodišnji prosjek najveći postotak plodova sa simptomima sive plijesni zabilježen je na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica na sortama 'Marmolada' 39,3 %, 'Antea' 38,5 % i 'Arosa' 35,6 %. Na lokalitetu Donja Papratnica 7,6 % plodova sorte 'Marmolada' i 7,0 % plodova sorte 'Madeleine' imalo je simptome antraknoze, dok je na lokalitetu Veljaci sorta 'Camarosa' s 3,2 % bolesnih plodova bila najosjetljivija. Na lokalitetu Donja Popratnica determinirano je 49 štetnika jagode iz 28 porodica, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripadaju tri vrste, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (1), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (9), Hemiptera (24), Coleoptera (9) i Acarida (1). Najveće štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su od jagodinog cvjetara Anthonomus rubi. Intenzitet šteta od cvjetara povećavao se sa starošću nasada, pa su i najveće štete zabilježene 2011. godine, a postotak oštećenih cvjetova kretao se od 3,3 % na sorti 'Galia' do 7,4 % na sortama 'Marmolada' i 'Clery'. Na lokalitetu Veljaci determinirano je 59 vrsta štetnika jagode koji pripadaju u 22 porodice, odnosno osam redova. Redu Orthoptera pripada osam vrsta, Thysanoptera (1), Hymenoptera (2), Diptera (2), Lepidoptera (7), Hemiptera (21), Coleoptera (15) i Acarida (1). Značajne štete na ovom lokalitetu zabilježene su na cvjetovima jagode od dlakavog ružičara Epicometis hirta. Najveće štete na cvjetovima jagode, od ovog štetnika, utvrđene su 2011. godine na sortama 'Clery' 20,1 % i 'Madeleine' 18,0 %.INTRODUCTION: Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is the most important berry fruit crop in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with raspberries. As reported by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), strawberries are produced on a total of 372,361 ha worldwide. According to the data for 2020, 8.33 million tons of strawberries were produced worldwide. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, strawberries are produced on an area of 1337 ha, and the average yield per hectare is 8.5 tons (Agency for Statistics of B&H). Strawberry is a species where a large number of pests and pathogens occur. This can lead to economically significant losses, and in some cases, the decline of the plantation itself. A large number of phytopathogenic fungi are listed worldwide that cause diseases of cultivated strawberries, of which species from the genera Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora and Verticillium are of the greatest economic importance. The most important strawberry pests worldwide are species from the genera Lygus, Otiorhynchus, Anthonomus, aphids, thrips, mites and, more recently, the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii. The incidence of diseases and pests depends on the area of cultivation, the method of strawberry cultivation and the sensitivity of the cultivar itself. The occurrence of diseases and pests on strawberries in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poorly studied and scientific papers on this issue are rare and mostly outdated. In the absence of domestic breeding centrs, foreign strawberry cultivars, mostly of Italian origin, are mainly present in the cultivation. There are few data on the susceptibility/resistance of these cultivars to fungal pathogens and strawberry pests. The objective of this research are to determine the causes of fungal diseases and pests that occur on strawberries depending on the growing region and strawberry cultivars. This research also aims to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance of the tested strawberry cultivars in different growing areas and evaluate the need for protection measures based on the intensity of disease infection and the intensity of pest occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted during three vegetation seasons in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Frigo plants of 10 different strawberry cultivars ('Antea', 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Madeleine', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis') were planted in two experimental fields in Žepče on the Donja Papratnica site (Zenica - Doboj County) and in Ljubuški on the Veljaci site (West Herzegovina County). At each site, 200 plants of each cultivar were planted in the rows on the 1.2 m wide black mulch PVC foil. A drip irrigation system was installed under the foil. The experiments were set up according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). To get a clearer picture of which diseases and which pests of strawberries occur and with what intensity, no pesticides were used during research. The susceptibility to fungal diseases of individual strawberry cultivars was monitored based on the intensity of infestation several times during the growing season from the appearance of the first symptoms to the end of the growing season. The intensity of leaf infestation was evaluated according to a scale: 0 - healthy leaves without disease symptoms; 1 - spots cover up to 10 % of leaf surface; 2 - spots cover 10 – 20 % of leaf surface; 3 - spots affect 20 – 40 % of leaf surface; 4 - spots cover 40 – 60 % of leaf surface; 5 - spots cover over 60 % of leaf surface. Disease index was calculated according to the Mc Kinney formula. Susceptibility to fungal diseases of fruits was evaluated on each cultivar by examining all fruits on 20 randomly selected strawberry bushes. The results were presented as the percentage of fruits with a disease symptom in relation to the total number of examined fruits. The samples of infected strawberry plant parts were taken to the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, the University of Mostar for isolation and determination of fungi causing the disease. Determination of fungal species was done based on the morphological characteristics of sporulation organs (fruiting bodies, spores) after incubation in humid chambers. Isolation of pathogenic fungi in pure culture was carried out by conventional methods on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The time of emergence and population of pest was measured by visual inspection of strawberry bushes several times during the growing season. To collect strawberry pests of smaller body dimensions entomological nets and hand aspirators were used. Yellow and blue sticky boards were used as a visual attractants. Pheromone traps VARb3k and VARb3z from the Hungarian manufacturer Csalomon were used to monitor the population of hairy scarab Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta and white-spotted rose beetle Oxythyrea funesta. The identification of collected strawberry pests was done based on morphological characteristics of individual species using all available identification keys. To be able to perform accurate determination, larvae (caterpillars) of individual species collected by visual inspection were grown to an adult form in the entomological cages. For statistical processing of the obtained data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated using the software SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and for comparison of average values, the LSD test (p = 0.05) was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the symptoms of infected strawberries and morphological characteristics of fungal isolates in pure culture, a total of 7 fungal species were identified. The following species were identified at Donja Papratnica site (continental area): Mycosphaerella fragariae, Gnomoniopsis comari, Phomopsis obscurans, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum. Seven species were identified at the Veljaci site (Mediterranean area): M. fragariae, G. comari, P. obscurans, Diplocarpon earlianum, Podosphaera aphanis, C. acutatum and B. cinerea. The common leaf spot (M. fragariae) was found at both sites and the symptoms of the disease were present in all strawberry cultivars. Disease severity and the intensity of the symptoms varied significantly from year to year and between sites. Disease severity at the Donja Papratnica site ranged from 1.2 on the cultivar 'Galia' to 13.3 on the cultivar 'Madeline'. At Veljaci location, disease severity and the intensity of the appearance of symptoms of common leaf spot were more pronounced during all three years of the study. The intensity of infection at this site ranged from 6.4 on the cultivar ‘Galia’ to 38.7 on the cultivar ‘Madeleine’. Gnomonia leaf blotch (G. comari) was detected at both sites during all three years of the experiment. The 'Galia' cultivar showed the greatest susceptibility to the pathogen G. comari. The ‘Marmolada’ and ‘Antea’ cultivars were susceptible, while the ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Tethis’ cultivars were less susceptible to this pathogen. Symptoms of gnomonia leaf blotch were not found on the 'Madeleine' cultivar. Infection of strawberries with leaf scorch (D. earlianum) was found only at the Veljaci site. The first symptoms of this disease were observed on the leaves of strawberries in early May. There were statistically significant differences in the susceptibility of cultivars to this pathogen. Symptoms of the disease on the 'Madeleine' cultivar during the three-year research were not found. The cultivars 'Naiad' and 'Arosa' were also less sensitive. The cultivar 'Siba' was the most sensitive to the to the strawberry leaf scorch, but it did not differ statistically significantly in sensitivity from the cultivars 'Galia', 'Clery', 'Tethis', 'Camarosa', 'Marmolada' and 'Antea'. Symptoms of leaf blight (P. obscurans) were found during all three years of research at both sites. The appearance of symptoms was sporadic and this disease, according to the results of our research, has no greater significance. Symptoms of leaf blight were found on the cultivars 'Antea', 'Arosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Marmolada', 'Naiad' and 'Siba'. Due to the long incubation period, the expression of the symptoms of the disease in our agroecological conditions occurs during July. During our research, we determined the infection of strawberries with powdery mildew only at the Veljaci site, on the cultivars: 'Arosa', 'Camarosa', 'Clery', 'Galia', 'Naiad', 'Siba' and 'Tethis'. In 2009, powdery mildew appeared at the Veljaci site with greater intensity in mid-May and again at the beginning of October. The cultivars that showed the highest susceptibility to powdery mildew were ‘Siba’ with an infestation index of 56.4 and ‘Naiad’ with an infestation index of 53.2. Considering the three-year average, the highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold B. cinerea at the Donja Papratnica site was recorded on the cultivars 'Marmolada' 39.3 %, 'Antea' 38.5 % and 'Arosa' 35.6 %. The lowest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold was recorded on the cultivar 'Camarosa' 20.4 %. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of gray mold at the Veljaci site was recorded on the cultivars 'Arosa' 17.5 % and 'Galia' 17.4 %, and the lowest on the cultivars 'Tethis' 7.3 % and 'Camarosa' 8.5 %. Strawberry anthracnose, coused by Colletotrichum acutatum was determined at both localities. The highest percentage of fruits with symptoms of anthracnose was recorded in the cultivars 'Marmolada' 7.6 % and 'Madeleine' 7.0 % in the Donja Papratnica site. At this site, 49 strawberry pests were determined, which systematically belong to 28 different families, ie 8 orders. At the Veljaci site, 59 pests from 22 families, ie 8 orders, were determined. Species from the order Orthoptera, genera Pholidoptera spp., Omocestus spp. and Pezotettix spp. were determined at the Donja Papratnica site. Higher abundance of the species Decticus albifrons Fabricius was recorded at Veljaci site. Other species of the order Orthoptera determined at the Veljaci site were: Tettigonia viridissima L., Ephippiger ephippiger Fiebig and also species of the genera Pachytrachis spp., Oedipoda spp., Euchorthippus spp. and Omocestus spp. During the research, a total of 17 different species of leafhoppers from the genus Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae and Membracidae were determined. With their high abundance the species Edwardsiana rosae L., Philaenus spumarius L., Cercopis vulnerata Rossi and also the species from the genus Eupteryx spp. could be highlighted. The species Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood was determined at both localities. In the experimental field ten species of the true bugs from the families Miridae, Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Lygaeidae and Pyrrhocoridae were determined. The species Aphis forbesi Weed and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Cock. belonging to Aphididae family were determined at both sites. A more severe infestation of the strawberry root aphid A. forbesi was recorded during 2010 at both sites. Two species from the order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae; Allantus (Emphytus) calceatus Klug and Allantus (Emphytus) cinctus L. were determined. Besides, seven species from the family Curculionidae, genera Anthonomus, Otiorhynchus, Strophomorphus, Phyllobius, and Sitona were determined. The most significant strawberry pest at the Donja Papratnica site was the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi Herbst. Damage to flower buds from strawberry blossom weevil was present throughout all three years of research, and the intensity of damage increased with the age of the plants. The greatest damage from A. rubi at Donja Papratnica site was recorded during 2011, and the percentage of damaged flowers ranged from 3.3 % on the cultivar 'Galia' to 7.4 % on the cultivars 'Marmolada' and 'Clery'. Species that belonging to the genus Otiorhynchus; Otiorhynchus ovatus L., O. rugosostriatus Goeze, and O. corruptor Host were determined. Significant damage to strawberry flowers due to hairy scarab E. hirta was recorded at the Veljaci site. The intensity of damage from this species varied depending on the year of cultivation and strawberry cultivars. The highest percentage of strawberry flowers damaged by E. hirta was recorded on the cultivars 'Clery' 20.1 % and 'Madeleine' 18.0 % during 2011. The lowest percentage of damaged flowers was recorded in cultivars 'Camarosa' 9.5 % and 'Galia' 9.6 %