Novel Betaherpesvirus in Bats

Because bats are associated with emerging zoonoses, identification and characterization of novel viruses from bats is needed. Using a modified rapid determination system for viral RNA/DNA sequences, we identified a novel bat betaherpesvirus 2 not detected by herpesvirus consensus PCR. This modified system is useful for detecting unknown viruses

彈力性・半彈力性の基本法則と新物価指数算式

Suppose that two sets of real positive C^∞ -functions {y(t)} and {z(t} of the real variable t defined in the interval I[t_1, t_2] are given; and that the latter functions {z(t)} are, for their part, real positive functions of y(t) defined in the interval I\u27[y\u27,y\u27\u27] of y(t). We assume that all these functions {y(t)} and {z(t)} allow a one-to-one continuous mapping f_t to be operated on themselves, and that the mapping satisfies the following conditions: Fundamental Laws [I]:[numerical formula]Then, we can prove that the mapping f_t is represented by (d log)/(d log t)・We shall therefore designate "(y/t)=(d log y)/(d log t)" as tne "Elasticity of y with respect to t," and the above "Law [I]" as the "Fundamental Law of Elasticity." Similarly, the following law [II characterizes the mapping "(d log)/(dt)":[numerical formula]We shall therefore designate "[y/t]= (dlog y)/dt" as the "Semi-elasticity of y with respect to t" and the above "Law [II]" as the "Fundamental Law of Semi-elasticity." Now let v_t, p_t^s and q_t^s be, respectively, the total traded value, the price of the s-th commodity, and the quantity of the s-th commodity in the year "t", then we have : (1) v_t =Σ^^n__p_t^sq_t^s Take the semi-elasticity with respect to t of both members of (1), and we have: (2)[(v_t)/t]=Σα(s,t)[(v_t^s)/t] where v_t^s=p_t^sq_t^s and α the weight α(s,t)=v_t^s/v_t=p_t^sq_t^s/Σ^^n__P_t^sq_t^s Integrating (2) with respect to "t" from "k" to "l", we have: (3) log V_ =log P_+log Q_+R where V_=(v_l)/(v_k) log P_=Σα(s,l)logp_t^s-Σα(s,k)logp_k^s log Q_=Σα(s,l)log q_l^s-Σα(s,k)logq_k^s R=Σ^^n__ Σ^^m__{(α(s,t_i)-α(s,t_ and of quantities Q_; logP_=1/2 {log P_+log V_-log Q_} logQ_=1/2 {log Q_+log V_-log P_} It is easy to see that these index numbers satisfy the following five tests: [I] The circular test. [II]The factor test. [III]The continuity test. [IVI] The adjustment of the "Fallacy of the Beauty Contest". [V] The grouping test

新物価指数算式とその背景

According to J. M. Keynes, "Index Numbers of Prices are a series of Numbers indicative of price-levels." This concept of index numbers of prices seems to be the one which is broadly accepted. In accordance with this definition, we may define Pij, the index number of prices of the j-th year relative to the i-th year, as P_=(π_j)/(π_i) where iti and itj mean the price levels of the i-th year and the j-th year respectively Then, it is obvious that these index numbers should satisfy the so-called "Circular Test", namely, P_P_P_=1. Moreover, it is shown that there can be a formula for the index numbers of prices which [satisfies the "circular test" and the "factor reversal test* as well as the "proportionality test", though Irving Fisher and Abraham Wald once insisted to the contrary. The author is of the opinion that we should avoid the "fallacy of beauty contest" in making index numbers of prices, and that we should adopt variable weights, which also contribute much to the continuity of index numbers. From such a point of view, the author has constructed for trial a new formula of price index numbers with variable weights, .which satisfy the "circular test", the "factor reversal test" and the "proportionality test

経営数学の構想

We hear very often that mathematics is a language. It is true, however, that mathematics might not be a science. This must be absurd. Mathematics is a symbolic logic, in other words, a logic which uses exclusively the special language known as symbols. The re-formulation of a science through deduction from a system of postulates in the way of symbolic logic, we shall call "The symbolization or axiomatization" of the science. The famous philosopher Leibniz has broken the ice through his "Characteristica universalis" and "Calculus ratiocinator." The merits of such "Symbolization," or re-formulation, by way of mathematical deduction of a science (e.g. economics), we see in three ways, namely, (1) the simplification of deduction (hence-the avoidance of errors), (2) clear and exact relationships between the postulates and conclusions, and (3) the greatly enhanced establishment of laws. Thus, the essential part of mathematical deduction is its way of deduction through symbolic logic. There are at least four managerial sciences which are affiliated with mathematical deduction. The first one is the symbolized economic science of business administration. The second one is the mathematics of management. The third one is the statistics of management, and the fourth one is the econometrics of business firms. The first and the fourth ones are the economic sciences for management, and the third one belongs to statistics, while the second belongs to mathematics. The mathematics of management consists, therefore, of two parts; namely: (1) mathematics for the family budget, and (2) mathematics for the firm; and these may be further divided as follows: [I] The mathematics for family budget (1) Consumption function (a) Analysis of consumption function (b) Engel\u27s law (c) Schwabe\u27s law (d) Necessities and luxuries (e) The minimum cost of living and the standard cost of living (f) The variation of the consumption function (2) Indices of cost of living (3) Forecasting of the variation of items of family expenditure [II] The mathematics for the firm (1) Mathematics for sales, including inventory analysis (2) Mathematics for labour control (3) Mathematics for finance (4) Mathematics for accounting (5) Mathematics for top-managemen

Absence of Kupffer cells in carcinogen induced liver hyperplastic nodules: demonstration by intravenous injection of indian ink.

Absence of Kupffer cells in rat liver hyperplastic nodules induced by a chemical carcinogen was demonstrated by intravenous injection of indian ink. Hyperplastic nodules appeared 4 weeks after diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was administered, and the nodules continued growing and became eosinophilic hyperplastic nodules after 5 to 6 weeks. After intravenous injection of indian ink, hyperplastic nodules were observed as carbon-free white nodules, which were macroscopically distinguishable from the black surrounding tissue. As observed by light microscopy, Kupffer cells were absent in hyperplastic nodules in contrast to being present in the surrounding tissue. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed these findings and furthermore revealed that the sinusoidal endothelium of hyperplastic nodules had no fenestrae. Injection of indian ink is a useful method for delineation and enucleation of hyperplastic nodules in the study of morphological and chemical changes of nodules.</p

Hibikino-Musashi@Home 2023 Team Description Paper

This paper describes an overview of the techniques of Hibikino-Musashi@Home, which intends to participate in the domestic standard platform league. The team has developed a dataset generator for the training of a robot vision system and an open-source development environment running on a human support robot simulator. The robot system comprises self-developed libraries including those for motion synthesis and open-source software works on the robot operating system. The team aims to realize a home service robot that assists humans in a home, and continuously attend the competition to evaluate the developed system. The brain-inspired artificial intelligence system is also proposed for service robots which are expected to work in a real home environment

Scanning electron microscopy of Ito's fat-storing cells in the rat liver.

The whole body including extended processes of Ito's fat-storing cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy in rat liver injured with lithocholic acid (LCA). Necrotic foci developed in the midlobular zone 48 h after LCA administration. Demonstration of Ito cell bodies around the foci was probably facilitated by easy detachment of hepatocytes from Ito cells. The body and the processes were located mainly between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes; sometimes they were between hepatocytes. Ito cells often were proximate to collagen fiber bundles and sometimes were attached to them. The cell body was flatly round or elliptic, 7 to 12 micron in diameter. Its surface was finely undulated with microvillous projections about 0.1 micron in length. Branching patterns of the processes resembled a fern-leaf mantling the sinusoidal endothelium. The trunks of the processes were about 2 micron in diameter and 20-30 micron in length. These processes tapered, branching into thinner processes, with the most peripheral being 0.1 micron in diameter. Ito cells and their branching processes likely strengthen sinusoidal walls and control blood flow in the sinusoids.</p