737 research outputs found
Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Neogene: Synthesis of Leg 138 drilling results
The primary objective of Leg 138 was to provide detailed information about the ocean\u27s response to global climate change during the Neogene. Two north-south transects were drilled (95° and 110°W) within the region of equatorial divergence-driven upwelling (and thus high accumulation rates and resolution) and spanning the major equatorial ocean current boundaries (and thus recording a high-amplitude signal of the response of the sediment to climatically and/or tectonically driven changes in ocean circulation). The Neogene is marked by a number of well-known climatic and tectonic events (the closing of the Isthmus of Panama, the onset of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the rapid uplift of the Himalayas, the major intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation), and the response of the ocean before and after these events was a key focus of Leg 138 drilling. To address these objectives at the highest resolution possible, the Leg 138 scientific staff developed a number of new shipboard strategies and analytical procedures. These included the real-time analysis of the near-continuous gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluator (GRAPE) and susceptibility profiles produced by the multisensor track (MST) on unsplit cores to monitor core recovery and, if necessary, to modify the drilling strategy to ensure proper offset of coring gaps; the collection of near-continuous color reflectance data on split cores; the logging of the first hole drilled at each site to optimize drilling and sampling strategies for subsequent holes; and the use of multiple continuous records to unambiguously construct complete composite sections for each site. The complete, continuous records provided by the GRAPE (with a temporal resolution of often yr), in conjunction with an excellent microfossil stratigraphy and often excellent magnetostratigraphy, allowed for astronomical tuning of the stratigraphic record and resulted in a set of internally consistent, high-resolution age models that provide a secure, absolute time scale for the past 6 m.y. For the period before 6 m.y., the absolute time calibration is less secure, but it is still better than any previously offered. The high-resolution stratigraphic framework of Leg 138 provided new insight into the previously ambiguous tectonic history of the region. By assuming that maximum sedimentation rates along the north-south transect would be expected at the equator, the Leg 138 stratigraphy supports the 1985 work of Cox and Engerbretson, which calls for two different poles of rotation of the Pacific Plate during the interval 0-20 Ma. The Leg 138 plate reconstructions also support several previously hypothesized ridge crest jumps and a slowing of the absolute motion of the Nazca Plate at about 5 Ma. Although Leg 138 data that predates about 13 Ma is limited, the impression that one can gain from these data is that the eastern equatorial Pacific was characterized by relatively high carbonate concentrations and accumulation rates before about 11 Ma. This pattern was interrupted occasionally by rapid massive outpourings of near-monospecific laminated diatom oozes that probably represent the formation of massive mats along strong surface-water fronts. The laminated diatom oozes (LDO) continue to be present in the Leg 138 record (many of them being expressed as seismic reflections) until about 4.4 Ma. Carbonate accumulation rates begin to decline slowly between 11 and 9.8 Ma, when, at about 9.5 Ma, a near-complete loss of carbonate (the carbonate crash ) takes place everywhere in the Leg 138 region (and beyond), except at the westernmost sites close to the equator. The carbonate crash was a time of fundamental change for the eastern equatorial Pacific, and perhaps for most of the ocean basins. Unlike many of the carbonate variations that precede and postdate it, this crash represents a major dissolution event whose effects can be traced seismically in the central and western Pacific. The changes in bottom-water chemistry associated with this event (or series of events) appear to be related to the early phases of the closing of the Panama Gateway. The role of NADW initiation and intensification for controlling carbonate accumulation in the eastern equatorial Pacific is still not resolved; however, ocean modeling demonstrates that the closing of the Panama Gateway may also have a direct influence on NADW production. Therefore, the effects of changes in the Panama Gateway sill depth and the production of NADW may be manifested in the history of eastern equatorial Pacific sedimentation. The carbonate crash was followed by a recovery of the carbonate system (except in the Guatemala and Peru basins, which never recovered) that led up to the late Miocene/early Pliocene sedimentation rate maxima, during which equatorial sedimentation rates are as much as five times greater than those of the late Pliocene or Pleistocene. Examination of modern productivity/preser vation relationships implies that the sedimentation rate maximum was the result of enhanced productivity. The distribution of eolian sediments and isotopic gradients, along with an analysis of the modes of variance in carbonate deposition over the last 6 m.y., suggest a more northerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a stronger north-south gradient across the equator, and a more zonal circulation focused along the equator during the time of maximum sedimentation. The mechanisms suggested for these changes in circulation patterns include the response of the eastern equatorial Pacific to the closing of the Isthmus of Panama, as well as a global increase in the flux of Ca and Si into the oceans, a possible response to evolution of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. In an effort to understand the response of the climate system to external (orbital) forcing, 6-m.y.-long, continuous records of carbonate (derived from GRAPE), δ 1 8 and insolation were analyzed and compared. Evolutionary spectral calculations of the variance and coherence among these records indicate that the insolation record is dominated by precessional frequencies, but that the relative importance of the two precessional frequencies has changed significantly over the last 6 m.y. In general, precessional forcing is not found in the carbonate or isotopic records. In the tilt band, however, a linear response is present between solar forcing and the carbonate and isotope records over some intervals. The carbonate record appears to be tightly coupled to the tilt component of insolation before about 1.9 Ma; however, the isotope record does not begin to show sensitivity to orbital tilt until about 4.5 Ma, the time of significant changes in sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Only during the last 500,000 yr do all frequencies respond in a similar manner; we also see a marked increase in the response of the isotopic record to orbital forcing (including 100,000- and 400,000-yr periods)
1995, Spatial and temporal variability of late Neogene equatorial Pacific carbonate
High-resolution, continuous records of GRAPE wet bulk density (a carbonate proxy) from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138 provide one the opportunity for a detailed study of eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean carbonate sedimentation during the last 6 m.y. The transect of sites drilled spans both latitude and longitude in the eastern equatorial Pacific from 90° to 110°W and from 5°S to 10°N. Two modes of variability are resolved through the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. In the presence of large tectonic and climatic boundary condition changes over the last 6 m.y., the dominant mode of spatial variability in carbonate sedimentation is remarkably constant. The first mode accounts for over 50% of the variance in the data, and is consistent with forcing by equatorial divergence. This mode characterizes both carbonate concentration and carbonate mass accumulation rate time series. Variability in the first mode is highly coherent with insolation, indicating a strong linear relationship between equatorial Pacific car bonate sedimentation and Milankovitch variability. Frequency domain analysis indicates that the coupling to equatorial divergence in carbonate sedimentation is strongest in the precession band (19-23 k.y.) and weakest though present at lower frequencies. The second mode of variability has a consistent spatial pattern of east-west asymmetry over the past 4 m.y. only; prior to 4 Ma, a different mode of spatial variability may have been present, possibly suggesting influence by closure of the Isthmus of Panama or other tectonic changes. The second mode of variability may indicate influence by CaCO3 dissolution. The second mode of variability is not highly coherent with insolation. Comparison of the modes of carbonate variability to a 4 m.y. record of benthic δ 1 8 indicates that although overall correlation between carbonate and δ 1 8 is low, both modes of variability in carbonate sedimentation are coherent with δ 1 8 changes at some frequencies. The first mode of carbonate variability is coherent with Sites 846/849 δ 1 8 at the dominant insolation periods, and the second mode is coherent at 100 k.y. during the last 2 m.y. The coherence between carbonate sedimentation and δ 1 8 in both EOF modes suggests that multiple uncorrelated modes of variability operated within the climate system during the late Neogene
PD-0283: 4D dose accumulation for dose painting by numbers for lung cancer
In conventional radiotherapy of locally advanced lung cancer (LALC) doses levels are homogeneously delivered to the entire PTV, whereat dose escalation is restricted by normal tissue toxicity. Several studies have shown the geometrical correlation between high FDG uptake in a PET scan and tumour recurrence. This is the rationale for FDG-based local dose escalation, e.g. by dose prescription on the voxel values of a PET scan – dose painting by numbers (DPBN). The aim of this study is to investigate the robustness of the DPBN plans against tumour motio
Increased dissolved terrestrial input to the coastal ocean during the last deglaciation
Here we present the first downcore results for a new paleoproxy, the Mn/Ca ratio of foraminiferal calcite, applied to sediment accumulated in the extreme Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) over the last 30,000 years. The Mn/Ca results are compared to oxygen isotopes and sea surface temperature calculated from Mg/Ca. We determined metal ratios using flow-through time-resolved analysis to minimize the effects of secondary mineralization. The foraminiferal species used for this study calcify at different depths. Core top ratios of these variant species change in proportion to the concentration of dissolved manganese in the water column at the depth of calcification. Since terrestrial input and oxidation reduction reactions control the levels of dissolved Mn in the oceans today, it therefore should be possible to use the Mn/Ca ratios of foraminifera as a proxy for these processes in the past. Mn/Ca of a mixed-layer species (G. ruber) suggest that dissolved terrestrial input to the surface waters of the ETNP during the last glacial maximum was lower than today but began to increase with initial sea level rise and reached a maximum at 15 ka B.P. before coming down to present-day levels at the end of sea level rise in the mid-Holocene (7–5 ka). Ratios of a deeper calcifying species (N. dutertrei) mimic those of G. ruber over this same time period, consistent with shoaling of the 18°C thermocline. Mn/Ca of a benthic species (U. peregrina) does not show a maximum at 15 ka, suggesting that Mn was efficiently remineralized in the water column during deglaciation. Assuming that the period from the last glacial until the mid-Holocene was a time of increased productivity, as elevated Mn might imply, the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) was at least as well developed during deglaciation as it is today. Expansion of the OMZ may have contributed to the Mn/Ca trends we observe through time
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Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2
We constructed biogenic mass accumulation rate (MAR) time series for eastern Pacific core transects across the equator at ~105˚and ~85˚W and along the equator from 80˚to 140˚W. We used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to extract spatially coherent patterns of CaCO₃deposition for the last 150 kyr. EOF mode 1 (51% variance) is a CaCO₃ MAR spike centered in marine oxygen isotope stage 2 (MIS 2) found under the South Equatorial Current. EOF mode 2 (19% of variance) is high north of the equator. EOF mode 3 (9% of variance) is an east-west mode centered along the North Equatorial Counter Current. The MIS 2 CaCO₃spike is the largest event in the eastern Pacific for the last 150 kyr: CaCO₃MARs are 2–3 times higher at 18 ka than elsewhere in the record, including MIS 6. It is caused by high CaCO₃ production rather than minimal dissolution. EOF 2, while it resembles deep water flow patterns, nevertheless, shows coherence to Corg deposition and is probably also driven by CaCO₃production
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Paleoceanography of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific during the Neogene : synthesis of Leg 138 drilling results
The primary objective of Leg 138 was to provide detailed information about the ocean's response to global climate change
during the Neogene. Two north south transects were drilled (95° and 110°W) within the region of equatorial divergence driven
upwelling (and thus high accumulation rates and resolution) and spanning the major equatorial ocean current boundaries (and thus
recording a high amplitude signal of the response of the sediment to climatically and/or tectonically driven changes in ocean
circulation). The Neogene is marked by a number of well known climatic and tectonic events (the closing of the Isthmus of
Panama, the onset of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the rapid uplift of the Himalayas, the major intensification of Northern
Hemisphere glaciation), and the response of the ocean before and after these events was a key focus of Leg 138 drilling.
To address these objectives at the highest resolution possible, the Leg 138 scientific staff developed a number of new shipboard
strategies and analytical procedures. These included the real time analysis of the near continuous gamma ray attenuation porosity
evaluator (GRAPE) and susceptibility profiles produced by the multisensor track (MST) on unsplit cores to monitor core recovery
and, if necessary, to modify the drilling strategy to ensure proper offset of coring gaps; the collection of near continuous color
reflectance data on split cores; the logging of the first hole drilled at each site to optimize drilling and sampling strategies for
subsequent holes; and the use of multiple continuous records to unambiguously construct complete composite sections for each
site. The complete, continuous records provided by the GRAPE (with a temporal resolution of often yr), in conjunction with an
excellent microfossil stratigraphy and often excellent magnetostratigraphy, allowed for astronomical tuning of the stratigraphic
record and resulted in a set of internally consistent, high resolution age models that provide a secure, absolute time scale for the
past 6 m.y. For the period before 6 m.y., the absolute time calibration is less secure, but it is still better than any previously offered.
The high resolution stratigraphic framework of Leg 138 provided new insight into the previously ambiguous tectonic history
of the region. By assuming that maximum sedimentation rates along the north south transect would be expected at the equator, the
Leg 138 stratigraphy supports the 1985 work of Cox and Engerbretson, which calls for two different poles of rotation of the Pacific
Plate during the interval 0-20 Ma. The Leg 138 plate reconstructions also support several previously hypothesized ridge crest
jumps and a slowing of the absolute motion of the Nazca Plate at about 5 Ma.
Although Leg 138 data that predates about 13 Ma is limited, the impression that one can gain from these data is that the eastern
equatorial Pacific was characterized by relatively high carbonate concentrations and accumulation rates before about 11 Ma. This
pattern was interrupted occasionally by rapid massive outpourings of near monospecific laminated diatom oozes that probably
represent the formation of massive mats along strong surface water fronts. The laminated diatom oozes (LDO) continue to be
present in the Leg 138 record (many of them being expressed as seismic reflections) until about 4.4 Ma. Carbonate accumulation
rates begin to decline slowly between 11 and 9.8 Ma, when, at about 9.5 Ma, a near complete loss of carbonate (the "carbonate
crash") takes place everywhere in the Leg 138 region (and beyond), except at the westernmost sites close to the equator.
The "carbonate crash" was a time of fundamental change for the eastern equatorial Pacific, and perhaps for most of the ocean
basins. Unlike many of the carbonate variations that precede and postdate it, this "crash" represents a major dissolution event
whose effects can be traced seismically in the central and western Pacific. The changes in bottom water chemistry associated with
this event (or series of events) appear to be related to the early phases of the closing of the Panama Gateway. The role of NADW
initiation and intensification for controlling carbonate accumulation in the eastern equatorial Pacific is still not resolved; however,
ocean modeling demonstrates that the closing of the Panama Gateway may also have a direct influence on NADW production.
Therefore, the effects of changes in the Panama Gateway sill depth and the production of NADW may be manifested in the history
of eastern equatorial Pacific sedimentation.
The "carbonate crash" was followed by a recovery of the carbonate system (except in the Guatemala and Peru basins, which
never recovered) that led up to the late Miocene/ early Pliocene sedimentation rate maxima, during which equatorial sedimentation
rates are as much as five times greater than those of the late Pliocene or Pleistocene. Examination of modern productivity/ preser
vation relationships implies that the sedimentation rate maximum was the result of enhanced productivity. The distribution of
eolian sediments and isotopic gradients, along with an analysis of the modes of variance in carbonate deposition over the last 6
m.y., suggest a more northerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a stronger north south gradient across the
equator, and a more zonal circulation focused along the equator during the time of maximum sedimentation. The mechanisms
suggested for these changes in circulation patterns include the response of the eastern equatorial Pacific to the closing of the
Isthmus of Panama, as well as a global increase in the flux of Ca and Si into the oceans, a possible response to evolution of the
Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.
In an effort to understand the response of the climate system to external (orbital) forcing, 6-m.y.-long, continuous records of
carbonate (derived from GRAPE), δ¹⁸O and insolation were analyzed and compared. Evolutionary spectral calculations of the
variance and coherence among these records indicate that the insolation record is dominated by precessional frequencies, but that
the relative importance of the two precessional frequencies has changed significantly over the last 6 m.y. In general, precessional
forcing is not found in the carbonate or isotopic records. In the tilt band, however, a linear response is present between solar forcing and the carbonate and isotope records over some intervals. The carbonate record appears to be tightly coupled to the tilt component
of insolation before about 1.9 Ma; however, the isotope record does not begin to show sensitivity to orbital tilt until about 4.5 Ma,
the time of significant changes in sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Only during the last 500,000 yr do all
frequencies respond in a similar manner; we also see a marked increase in the response of the isotopic record to orbital forcing
(including 100,000- and 400,000-yr periods)
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis of the NR0B1(DAX1) locus enables explanation of phenotypic differences in patients with X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia
BACKGROUND/AIM:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) is a rare disorder characterized by primary adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadic hypogonadism. It is caused by deletions or point mutations of the NR0B1 gene, on Xp21. AHC can be associated with glycerol kinase deficiency, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mental retardation (MR), as part of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome. A synthetic probe set for multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was developed to confirm and characterize NR0B1 deletions in patients with AHC and to correlate their genotypes with their divergent phenotypes. RESULTS:In 2 patients, isolated AHC was confirmed, while a patient at risk for metabolic crisis was revealed as the deletion extends to the GK gene. A deletion extending to IL1RAPL1 was confirmed in both patients showing MR. Thus, a good genotype-phenotype correlation was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS:Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis is a valuable tool to detect NR0B1 and contiguous gene deletions in patients with AHC. It is especially helpful for IL1RAPL1 deletion detection as no clinical markers for MR are available. Furthermore, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification has the advantage to identify female carriers that, depending on the deletion extension, have a high risk of giving birth to children with MR, AHC, glycerol kinase deficiency and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Herbal extracts and memory enhancement: response to Scholey et al.
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46364/1/213_2004_Article_2063.pd
Carbon 13 in Pacific Deep and Intermediate Waters, 0-370 ka: Implications for Ocean Circulation and Pleistocene CO2
Stable isotopes in benthic foraminifera from Pacific sediments are used to assess hypotheses of systematic shifts in the depth distribution of oceanic nutrients and carbon during the ice ages. The carbon isotope differences between ∼1400 and ∼3200 m depth in the eastern Pacific are consistently greater in glacial than interglacial maxima over the last ∼370 kyr. This phenomenon of “bottom heavy” glacial nutrient distributions, which Boyle proposed as a cause of Pleistocene CO2 change, occurs primarily in the 1/100 and 1/41 kyr−1 “Milankovitch” orbital frequency bands but appears to lack a coherent 1/23 kyr−1 band related to orbital precession. Averaged over oxygen-isotope stages, glacial δ13C gradients from ∼1400 to ∼3200 m depth are 0.1‰ greater than interglacial gradients. The range of extreme shifts is somewhat larger, 0.2 to 0.5‰. In both cases, these changes in Pacific δ13C distributions are much smaller than observed in shorter records from the North Atlantic. This may be too small to be a dominant cause of atmospheric pCO2 change, unless current models underestimate the sensitivity of pCO2 to nutrient redistributions. This dampening of Pacific relative to Atlantic δ13C depth gradient favors a North Atlantic origin of the phenomenon, although local variations of Pacific intermediate water masses can not be excluded at present
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