Persidangan tanpa Kehadiran Terdakwa (In Absentia)

Membicarakan pembangunan hukum, termasuk di dalamnya adalah penegakan hukum dalam sistem peradilan pidana (Integrated Criminal Justice System). Perlu semakin dimantapkan peran dan kedudukan penegakan hukum supaya terwujud peningkatan kemampuan dan kewibawaannya. Penegakan hukum merupakan salah satu USAha untuk menciptakan tata tertib, keamanan, dan ketentraman dalam masyarakat, baik itu merupakan pencegahan maupun USAha pemberantasan atau penindakan setelah terjadinya pelanggaran hukum. Peradilan In Absentia adalah contoh praktek hukum yang potensial melahirkan kesewenang-wenangan dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Hak-hak tersangka atau terdakwa menjadi terhempas dan hilang. Dan semuanya itu merupakan hilangnya indepedensi penegak hukum dan adanya kelompok kepentingan yang mengintervensi kekuasaan yudikatif. Di sinilah muncul dilema untuk memilih praktek In Absentia yang menghilangkan hak-hak tersangka atau terdakwa, atau untuk melindungi hak-hak asasi tersangka atau terdakwa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif atau penelitian kepustakaan, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan: 1. Eksistensi Peradilan yang tidak dihadiri terdakwa telah ada dasar pengaturan dalam Hukum Pidana yakni terdapat dalam Kitab Undang- Undang Hukum Acara Pidana yaitu dalam Pasal 196 ayat (1) dan Pasal 214 ayat (1) dan ayat (2)., sehingga peradilan pidana dapat dilasungsungkan sekalipun tidak hadirnya terdawa asalkan telah dilakukan pemanggilan terlebih dahulu bagi terdakwa secara sah menurut hukum yang berlaku. 2. Untuk mencapai suatu putusan yang adil (substansial justice), Hakim yang memimpin jalannya persidangan haruslah melalui suatu proses yaitu berupa tahap-tahap persidangan secara adil pula (prosedural justice)

A simple assessment of housing retrofit policies for the UK: what should succeed the energy company obligation?

Despite the need for large-scale retrofit of UK housing to meet emissions reduction targets, progress to date has been slow and domestic energy efficiency policies have struggled to accelerate housing retrofit processes. There is a need for housing retrofit policies that overcome key barriers within the retrofit sector while maintaining economic viability for customers, funding organizations, and effectively addressing UK emission reductions and fuel poverty targets. In this study, we use a simple assessment framework to assess three policies (the Variable Council Tax, the Variable Stamp Duty Land Tax, and Green Mortgage) proposed to replace the UK’s current major domestic retrofit programme known as the Energy Company Obligation (ECO). We show that the Variable Council Tax and Green Mortgage proposals have the greatest potential for overcoming the main barriers to retrofit policies while maintaining economic viability and contributing to high-level UK targets. We also show that, while none of the assessed schemes are capable of overcoming all retrofit barriers on their own, a mix of all three policies could address most barriers and provide key benefits such as wide coverage of property markets, operation on existing financial infrastructures, and application of a “carrot-and-stick” approach to incentivize retrofit. Lastly, we indicate that the specific support and protection of fuel-poor households cannot be achieved by a mix of these policies and a complementary scheme focused on fuel-poor households is required

Amorphous Boron Nanorod as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries at Room Temperature

We report an amorphous boron nanorod anode material for lithium-ion batteries prepared through smelting non-toxic boron oxide in liquid lithium. Boron in theory can provide capacity as high as 3099 mAh g-1 by alloying with Li to form B4Li5. However, experimental studies of boron anode were rarely reported for room temperature lithium-ion batteries. Among the reported studies the electrochemical activity and cycling performance of bulk crystalline boron anode material are poor at room temperature. In this work, we utilized amorphous nanostructured one-dimensional (1D) boron material aiming at improving the electrochemical reactivity between boron and lithium ions at room temperature. The amorphous boron nanorod anode exhibited, at room temperature, a reversible capacity of 170 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 10 mA g-1 between 0.01 and 2 V. The anode also demonstrated good rate capability and cycling stability. Lithium storage mechanism was investigated by both sweep voltammetry measurements and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The sweep voltammetric analysis suggested that the contributions from lithium ions diffusion into boron as well as the capacitive process to the overall lithium charge storage are 57% and 43%, respectively. Results from GITT indicated that the discharge capacity at higher potentials (\u3e ~ 0.2 V vs, Li/Li+) could be ascribed to a capacitive process and at lower potentials (\u3c ~0.2 V vs, Li/Li+) to diffusion-controlled alloying reactions. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement further confirmed that the capacity is from electrochemical reactions between lithium ions and the amorphous boron nanorod. This work provides new insights into designing nanostructured boron material for lithium-ion batteries

Matching NLO QCD computations with PYTHIA using MC@NLO

We present the matching between a next-to-leading order computation in QCD and the PYTHIA parton shower Monte Carlo, according to the MC@NLO formalism. We study the case of initial-state radiation, and consider in particular single vector boson hadroproduction.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Several comments and two figures have been adde

Assessing the discordance rate between local and central HER2 testing in women with locally determined HER2-negative breast cancer.

BackgroundThe importance of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as a prognostic and predictive marker in invasive breast cancer is well established. Accurate assessment of HER2 status is essential to determine optimal treatment options.MethodsBreast cancer tumor tissue samples from the VIRGO observational cohort tissue substudy that were locally HER2-negative were retested centrally with both US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, using FDA-approved assay cutoffs; results were compared.ResultsOf the 552 unique patient samples centrally retested with local HER2-negative results recorded, tumor samples from 22 (4.0%) patients were determined to be HER2-positive (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5%-5.7%). Of these, 18 had been tested locally by only one testing methodology; 15 of 18 were HER2-positive after the central retesting, based on the testing methodology not performed locally. Compared with the 530 patients with centrally confirmed HER2-negative tumors, the 22 patients with centrally determined HER2-positive tumors were younger (median age 56.5 versus 60.0 years) and more likely to have ER/PR-negative tumors (27.3% versus 22.3%). These patients also had shorter median progression-free survival (6.4 months [95% CI = 3.8-15.9 months] versus 9.1 months [95% CI = 8.3-10.3 months]) and overall survival (25.9 months [95% CI = 13.8-not estimable] versus 27.9 months [95% CI = 25.0-32.9 months]).ConclusionsThis study highlights the limitations of employing just one HER2 testing methodology in current clinical practice. It identifies a cohort of patients who did not receive potentially efficacious therapy because their tumor HER2-positivity was not determined by the test initially used. Because of inherent limitations in testing methodologies, it is inadvisable to rely on a single test to rule out potential benefit from HER2-targeted therapy

Search for Chargino and Neutralino Production at sqrt(s) = 192-209 GeV at LEP

Approximately 438 pb-1 of e+e- data from the OPAL detector, taken with the LEP collider running at centre-of-mass energies of 192-209 Gev, are analyzed to search for evidence of chargino pair production, e+e- -> tilde chi^+_1 tilde chi^-_1, or neutralino associated production, e+e- -> tilde chi^0_2 tilde chi^0_1. Limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the product of the cross-section for the process e+e- -> tilde chi^+_1 tilde chi^-_1 and its branching ratios to topologies containing jets and missing energy, of jest with a lepton and missing energy, and on the product of the cross-section for e+e- -> tilde chi^0_2 tilde chi^0_1 and its branching ratio to jets. R-parity conservation is assumed throughout this paper. When these results are interpreted in the context of the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, limits are also set on the masses of the tilde chi^+-_1, tilde chi^0_1 and tilde chi^0_2, and regions of the parameter space of the model are ruled out. Nearly model-independent limits are also set at the 95% confidence level on sigma(e+e- -> tilde chi^+_1 tilde chi^-_1) with the assumption that each chargino decays via a W boson, and on sigma(e+e- -> tilde chi^0_2 tilde chi^0_1) with the tilde chi^0_2 assumed to decay via a Z^0.Comment: 33 pages, 13 figures, Submitted to Eur Phys J.

Neonatal-derived IL-17 producing dermal gammadelta T cells are required to prevent spontaneous atopic dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a T cell-mediated chronic skin disease and is associated with altered skin barrier integrity. Infants with mutations in genes involved in tissue barrier fitness are predisposed towards inflammatory diseases, but most do not develop or sustain the diseases, suggesting that there exist regulatory immune mechanisms to prevent aberrant inflammation. The absence of one single murine dermal cell type, the innate neonatal-derived IL-17 producing gammadelta T (Tgammadelta17) cells, from birth resulted in spontaneous, highly penetrant AD with many of the major hallmarks of human AD. In Tgammadelta17 cell-deficient mice, basal keratinocyte transcriptome was altered months in advance of AD induction. Tgammadelta17 cells respond to skin commensal bacteria and the fulminant disease in their absence was driven by skin commensal bacteria dysbiosis. AD in this model was characterized by highly expanded dermal alphabeta T clonotypes that produce the type three cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22. These results demonstrate that neonatal Tgammadelta17 cells are innate skin regulatory T cells that are critical for skin homeostasis, and that IL-17 has dual homeostatic and inflammatory function in the skin

Vortex Fluctuations in High-Tc Films: Flux Noise Spectrum and Complex Impedance

The flux noise spectrum and complex impedance for a 500 {\AA} thick YBCO film are measured and compared with predictions for two dimensional vortex fluctuations. It is verified that the complex impedance and the flux noise spectra are proportional to each other, that the logarithm of the flux noise spectra for different temperatures has a common tangent with slope $\approx -1$, and that the amplitude of the noise decreases as $d^{-3}$, where $d$ is the height above the film at which the magnetic flux is measured. A crossover from normal to anomalous vortex diffusion is indicated by the measurements and is discussed in terms of a two-dimensional decoupling.Comment: 5 pages including 4 figures in two columns, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let