Emile Zola, Œuvres complètes: tome 14 (Présentation, notices, chronologie et bibliographie par G. Larroux)

International audienc

Politics, corruption and democracy The 1995 Stein Rokkan Lecture*

First published: September 199

Assessment of Uptake, Accumulation and Degradation of Paracetamol in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

The occurrence and persistence of pharmaceuticals in the food chain, particularly edible crops, can adversely affect human and environmental health. In this study, the impacts of the absorption, translocation, accumulation, and degradation of paracetamol in different organs of the leafy vegetable crop spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. Spinach plants were exposed to 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L paracetamol in 20% Hoagland solution at the vegetative phase in a hydroponic system. Exposed plants exhibited pronounced phytotoxic effects during the eight days trial period, with highly significant reductions seen in the plants’ morphological parameters. The increasing paracetamol stress levels adversely affected the plants’ photosynthetic machinery, altering the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and PSII), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and carotenoid contents), and composition of essential nutrients and elements. The LC-MS results indicated that the spinach organs receiving various paracetamol levels on day four exhibited significant uptake and translocation of the drug from roots to aerial parts, while degradation of the drug was observed after eight days. The VITEK® 2 system identified several bacterial strains (e.g., members of Burkhulderia, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas and Kocuria) isolated from spinach shoots and roots. These microbes have the potential to biodegrade paracetamol and other organic micro-pollutants. Our findings provide novel insights to mitigate the risks associated with pharmaceutical pollution in the environment and explore the bioremediation potential of edible crops and their associated microbial consortium to remove these pollutants effectively

O currículo entre o relativismo e o universalismo<A NAME="top1"></A> Curriculum: between relativism and universalism

O texto examina a questão do relativismo e do universalismo no currículo. Segundo o autor, os relativistas defendem o questionamento da validade do que se ensina. Já para os universalistas, há saberes "públicos" aos quais todos devem ter acesso e que apresentam valor independentemente de circunstâncias e interesses particulares. Após analisar as implicações pedagógicas das duas perspectivas, o autor advoga que escolas e professores ofereçam a cada aluno a possibilidade de compreender a multiplicidade das vozes que se falam no mundo como uma polifonia cristalina.<br>This article examines the issues of relativism and universalism in the curriculum. According to the author, the relativist approach holds that the validity of what is taught should be questioned. For the universalist approach, there is a common body of knowledge that everyone should learn and that are valuable regardless of particular circumstances and interests. The author discusses the pedagogical implications of the two perspectives and argues that schools and teachers should offer their students the possibility of regarding the multiplicity of voices in the world as analogous to polyphony