1964-1985年における段違い平行棒技術 : (自由演技) の変遷

The purpose of this study was to clarify the change of skills in Unever Parallel Bars from 1964 to 1985. The skills were collected using video tapes filmed in Olympic Games and International Competitions. They were indicated using simbol marks of F. I. G. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows. (1) Skills of Stretehed Suspension Skills were gradually increased from 1977. (2) The close relationship was slown in development of skills and change of rules. (3) Separation Movements, Vaulting Movements, Twsting Skills Through Handstand Position, were gradually increased these days. (4) More Supporting Skills and Kip Skills were performed than other skills in each condition. (5) Organization of skills for each gymnast was clearly indicated with using simbol marks of F. I. G

1966年から1985年におけるゆか運動技術 (自由演技) の変遷

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of floor exercise skills in international female gymnasts from 1966 to 1985. Skills were observed using videotapes and 8-mm cinefilms which recorded the performances of female gymnasts in the several international contests held in 1966-1985. The results obtained in this study were summarized as followes : 1) In 1966, no clear and accurate ratings of skill level were provided. 2) Development of skills performed by gymnasts were followed by changes of rules. 3) Floor exercise skills changed from lower level to higher level ; i. e. typical skill in 1966 was, however, in 1985. 4) In 1985, a series of performance was tended to consisted of more skills. 5) In the gymnastic skill of floor exercise, few higher-leveled skill were observed. 6) Rating of skill level and combination of skills levels were different from gymnasts. No significant relationship between score and number of higher skill which the gymnast performed in contest were obtained

シュツットガルト世界選手権大会におけるゆか運動についての一考察 : 種目別選手権大会上位入賞者と日本選手の比較を中心として

By comparing the performance between World Top Gymnasts and Japanese gymnasts, the following were revealed: 1) BOGVINSKAIA and SLIVAS getting 10.00 points seemed to deserve to be champion, because BOGVINSKAIA had her own characteristic movements and high guality balanced performance of series. SILVAS, on the other hand, had high degree of rythmical movements. 2) Amang the Japanese gymnasts, SHINODA got 9.837 and her performance seemed to give a good example with regard to getting a high score for Japanese gymnasts in the future. 3) Prize winners executed much more D technigue than Japanese gymnasts and they got as a result much more additional points. 4) Many Japanese gymnasts had mistaken at landing stage and this made their points very lower. 5) To execute the most difficult movements does not mean necessarily to be able to get a higher point. When a gymnast show a good mixture of movements, she will have a good evaluation

平均台とゆかの後転とびの比較

The competition of Gymnastic has a skill called Flic-Flac. This skill starts from errect posture, and by the thrust of the feet from the backward to upward direction, and then touch with the hands on ground and leave with the hands to landing on ground with feet. Flic-Flac is a skill commonly seen in the Floor Exercise from long time ago, but it become a skill of the Balance Beam was quite resently after the Mexico Olympic 1968. Today the Flic-Flac is a basic part of series movements in Balance Beam. For the purpose of instruction, we used 16mm cinecamera to filming the movement Flic-Flac, and compared it with one which was done on the Floor and the other was on Balance Beam ten healthy subjects (two Elementary School girls, three Junior High School girls, three High School girls, and two University girls included) were voluntary perticipated in this study. Some interesting findings from comparing both performed on Floor and on Balance Beam can summarized as follows ; (1) The horizontal distance from start to the finish was different. (2) The movement of limbs and frunk diffly were found. (3) The locus of movement were different. (4) The toe toward Balance Beam quicker. (5) The way to carry out this movement were differ from one to another from the subjects. (6) The less variation of movement found in some subjects have better posture achievement in performing Flic-Flac. As the height and width of the Balance Beam is limited, so from the time of start down to the time of take off is better exerted by the use of knee and waist. From the view point of instruction its thought to begin from Floor, and then gradually raisen the height of Balance Beam from low up to the normal height for achieving better sooner

幼児における前方宙返りの指導方法に対する一考察

Many studies on motions such as walking, running, throwing and jumping which are fundamental physical movements have been made. There are very few reports, however, on the forward somersault in the air, much less the examples of kindergartens where the forward somersault is given as physical training. The reasons are that teachers do not know the teaching method of forward somersault suited to children\u27s physical development, it can be possible for children to practice it. To make children practice the up-and-down motion in the air is a useful factor for the development of their body. This study is based on the experiment to think out a teaching method of forward somersault by giving exercises to the children of five years old. Four five-year-old children practiced four kinds of exercises twice a week for six weeks. (The average duration of practice is 40 minutes a day.) Respiratory phase and EMG were amplified and recorded with SAN-EI POLYGRAPH 142-8, and analyzed and used as research data. According to the result, the number of practice times of forward somersault is as follows : Child 1 could do it by himself at the 76th trial, Child 2 at the 78th, Child 3 at the 94th, Child 4 at the 98th. The point of this experiment is the use of mini-poline, which played an important part for children with little muscular strength

平均台の前転とびにおける審判判定能力に対する一考察

There is a performance called a handspring forward in compulsory exercises on the balance beam. In the 8th Acquisition Test for an International Judge, it was reported that only 10 precent of the judges recognized that there was an air phase in the handspring forward. However, 90 percent of the remaining judges recognized the handspring forward as the walkover forward in the Barcelona Olympic Games. The handspring forward is used in the Olympics and also in other major championships from 1994 to 1996. This study was carried out to investigate whether a player\u27s performance has the air phase or not. Furthermore, this study investigated whether a judge can judge the air phase accurately or not. Many important things were found in the results. It is really hard to judge during a performance because the handspring forward has speed, and the air phase seems to appear in the handspring forward. To judge accurately whether there is an air phase or not, the judges have to watch repeatedly many performances that have air phases by using video tapes and investigate them. Also, it is very important and necessary that the judges have an ability to distinguish between the air phase and the walkover forward in the performance

PARP Inhibitor PJ34 Suppresses Osteogenic Differentiation in Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Modulating BMP-2 Signaling Pathway

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as DNA repair, cell death, telomere regulation, genomic stability and cell differentiation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). While PARP inhibitors are presently under clinical investigation for cancer therapy, little is known about their side effects. However, PARP involvement in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation potentiates MSC-related side effects arising from PARP inhibition. In this study, effects of PARP inhibitors on MSCs were examined. MSCs demonstrated suppressed osteogenic differentiation after 1 μM PJ34 treatment without cytotoxicity, while differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes or adipocytes was unaffected. PJ34 suppressed mRNA induction of osteogenic markers, such as Runx2, Osterix, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and Osteopontin, and protein levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Osterix and Osteocalcin. PJ34 treatment also inhibited transcription factor regulators such as Smad1, Smad4, Smad5 and Smad8. Extracellular mineralized matrix formation was also diminished. These results strongly suggest that PARP inhibitors are capable of suppressing osteogenic differentiation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may play a physiological role in this process through regulation of BMP-2 signaling. Therefore, PARP inhibition may potentially attenuate osteogenic metabolism, implicating cautious use of PARP inhibitors for cancer treatments and monitoring of patient bone metabolism levels