1,646 research outputs found
Noise Properties of Two Mutually Coupled Spin-Transfer Nanooscillators in the Phase Locking Regime
Introduction. Today, many research endeavors are devoted to the miniaturization of microwave sources. One of the promising approaches is the use of magnetic nanostructures (spintronics elements), providing a wide range of frequency tuning and low power consumption. The main disadvantage of spintronics generators (spintransfer nanoscillators ‒ STNO) is a low output power of generated oscillations (tens of nanowatts and less). A possible solution is to sum up the power of many STNOs in a mutual synchronization mode.Aim. The investigation of noise properties of two connected STNOs with identical and non-identical parameters in a phase synchronization mode.Materials and methods. A model was developed of two STNOs interconnected by spin waves taking into account thermal noises. Spectral power densities of the amplitude and phase noise were obtained by the method of effective linearization.Results. Dependencies were obtained in a general form for attenuation coefficients of the amplitude and phase fluctuations of noise sources for each STNO. Three cases of synchronization were considered: completely identical STNOs, two identical STNOs but with different oscillation frequencies, and two non-identical STNOs, differing in an allowance of self-excitation by frequencies and amplitudes of the oscillations. It was possible to obtain a gain in the amplitude and phase noise for two identical STNOs. In this case, an increase in the allowance of self-excitation led to a decrease in the level of phase and amplitude noise.Conclusion. This analysis of the attenuation coefficients for non-identical STNOs demonstrates the possibility of improving the noise properties of each of the generators. In this case, the best noise value is obtained for an STNO with greater stability in a stand-alone mode.Introduction. Today, many research endeavors are devoted to the miniaturization of microwave sources. One of the promising approaches is the use of magnetic nanostructures (spintronics elements), providing a wide range of frequency tuning and low power consumption. The main disadvantage of spintronics generators (spintransfer nanoscillators ‒ STNO) is a low output power of generated oscillations (tens of nanowatts and less). A possible solution is to sum up the power of many STNOs in a mutual synchronization mode.Aim. The investigation of noise properties of two connected STNOs with identical and non-identical parameters in a phase synchronization mode.Materials and methods. A model was developed of two STNOs interconnected by spin waves taking into account thermal noises. Spectral power densities of the amplitude and phase noise were obtained by the method of effective linearization.Results. Dependencies were obtained in a general form for attenuation coefficients of the amplitude and phase fluctuations of noise sources for each STNO. Three cases of synchronization were considered: completely identical STNOs, two identical STNOs but with different oscillation frequencies, and two non-identical STNOs, differing in an allowance of self-excitation by frequencies and amplitudes of the oscillations. It was possible to obtain a gain in the amplitude and phase noise for two identical STNOs. In this case, an increase in the allowance of self-excitation led to a decrease in the level of phase and amplitude noise.Conclusion. This analysis of the attenuation coefficients for non-identical STNOs demonstrates the possibility of improving the noise properties of each of the generators. In this case, the best noise value is obtained for an STNO with greater stability in a stand-alone mode
Average Emissivity Curve of BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts with Different Intensities
Six intensity groups with ~150 BATSE gamma-ray bursts each are compared using
average emissivity curves. Time-stretch factors for each of the dimmer groups
are estimated with respect to the brightest group, which serves as the
reference, taking into account the systematics of counts-produced noise effects
and choice statistics. A stretching/intensity anti-correlation is found with
good statistical significance during the average back slopes of bursts. A
stretch factor ~2 is found between the 150 dimmest bursts, with peak flux
4.1 ph
cm^{-2} s^{-1}. On the other hand, while a trend of increasing stretching
factor may exist for rise fronts for burst with decreasing peak flux from >4.1
ph cm^{-2} s^{-1} down to 0.7 ph cm^{-2} s^{-1}, the magnitude of the
stretching factor is less than ~ 1.4 and is therefore inconsistent with
stretching factor of back slope.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures. Accepted to Ap
Tests of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law
We review recent experimental tests of the gravitational inverse-square law
and the wide variety of theoretical considerations that suggest the law may
break down in experimentally accessible regions.Comment: 81 pages, 10 figures, submitted by permission of the Annual Review of
Nuclear and Particle Science. Final version of this material is scheduled to
appear in the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Vol. 53, to be
published in December 2003 by Annual Reviews, http://AnnualReviews.or
Layered PGE Paleoproterozoic (LIP) Intrusions in the N-E Part of the Fennoscandian Shield — Isotope Nd-Sr and 3He/4He Data, Summarizing U-Pb Ages (on Baddeleyite and Zircon), Sm-Nd Data (on Rock-Forming and Sulphide Minerals), Duration and Mineralizatio
Mechanism of influence water vapor on combustion characteristics of propane-air mixture
The article discusses the results of an experimental study of the effect of water vapor at the flame temperature. Propane-butane mixture with air is burning on a modified Bunsen burner. Steam temperature was varied from 180 to 260 degrees. Combustion parameters changed by steam temperature and its proportion in the mixture with the fuel. The fuel-air mixture is burned in the excess air ratio of 0.1. It has been established that the injection of steam changes the characteristics of combustion fuel-air mixture and increase the combustion temperature. The concentration of CO in the combustion products is substantially reduced. Raising the temperature in the combustion zone is associated with increased enthalpy of the fuel by the added steam enthalpy. Reducing the concentration of CO is caused by decrease in the average temperature in the combustion zone by applying steam. Concentration of active hydrogen radicals and oxygen increases in the combustion zone. That has a positive effect on the process of combustion
THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS AFTER HIP REPLACEMENTV
Purpose of the study – to estimate the effectiveness of periprosthetic infection of the hip using different modifications of spacers. Material and methods. The authors analyzed treatment outcomes of 168 patients with clinical and laboratory signs of infection after hip replacement. Patients were divided into two groups: 87 patients (control group) underwent a standard two-stage revision hip joint arthroplasty with a spacer; 81 patients (test group) underwent preoperative examination procedure suggested by authors that was the basis for future selection of surgical technique using various spacers and customized follow up treatment. Results. The authors observed in test group a marked reduction of microbial contamination of periprosthetic tissue: 1 month after spacer implantation the test group features four times less pathogens as compared to control group. Need for re-revision was decreased by 1.8 times, twofold decrease in need for spacer revision after secondary examination, 1,4 less duration of hospital stay and 1,8 less disability duration was observed as compared to outcomes in control group after standard treatment approach. Functional outcomes of patients in test group in 6 months after secondary examination in regard of infectious complication after hip replacement were characterized by better Harris Hip scores as compared to control group. 6-12 months after revision the patients of test group were 1.3 times less reporting limitations of functional activity, twice less using support means and 2.2 times less needed pain medication. Conclusion. Complex treatment that includes preoperative examination, evaluation of bone defect volume, algorithm of choosing the antibiotic spacer type and its implantation technique as well as customized postoperative follow up treatment was proved to be efficient and results in stable eradication of chronic suppurative inflammation
Time-and-energy-resolved measurement of Auger cascades following Kr 3d excitation by attosecond pulses
Low energy polarization sensitivity of the Gas Pixel Detector
An X-ray photoelectric polarimeter based on the Gas Pixel Detector has been
proposed to be included in many upcoming space missions to fill the gap of
about 30 years from the first (and to date only) positive measurement of
polarized X-ray emission from an astrophysical source. The estimated
sensitivity of the current prototype peaks at an energy of about 3 keV, but the
lack of readily available polarized sources in this energy range has prevented
the measurement of detector polarimetric performances.
In this paper we present the measurement of the Gas Pixel Detector
polarimetric sensitivity at energies of a few keV and the new, light, compact
and transportable polarized source that was devised and built to this aim.
Polarized photons are produced, from unpolarized radiation generated with an
X-ray tube, by means of Bragg diffraction at nearly 45 degrees.
The employment of mosaic graphite and flat aluminum crystals allow the
production of nearly completely polarized photons at 2.6, 3.7 and 5.2 keV from
the diffraction of unpolarized continuum or line emission. The measured
modulation factor of the Gas Pixel Detector at these energies is in good
agreement with the estimates derived from a Monte Carlo software, which was up
to now employed for driving the development of the instrument and for
estimating its low energy sensitivity. In this paper we present the excellent
polarimetric performance of the Gas Pixel Detector at energies where the peak
sensitivity is expected. These measurements not only support our previous
claims of high sensitivity but confirm the feasibility of astrophysical X-ray
photoelectric polarimetry.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in NIM
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