Local changes in microtubule network mobility instruct neuronal polarization and axon specification

The polarization of neurons into axons and dendrites depends on extracellular cues, intracellular signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and polarized transport, but the interplay between these processes during polarization remains unresolved. Here, we show that axon specification is determined by differences in microtubule network mobility between neurites, regulated by Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and extracellular cues. In developing neurons, retrograde microtubule flow prevents the entry of the axon-selective motor protein Kinesin-1 into most neurites. Using inducible assays to control microtubule network flow, we demonstrate that local inhibition of microtubule mobility is sufficient to guide Kinesin-1 into a specific neurite, whereas long-term global inhibition induces the formation of multiple axons. We furthermore show that extracellular mechanical cues and intracellular Rho GTPase signaling control the local differences in microtubule network flow. These results reveal a novel cytoskeletal mechanism for neuronal polarization

Intermediate filaments control collective migration by restricting traction forces and sustaining cell-cell contacts

Mesenchymal cell migration relies on the coordinated regulation of the actin and microtubule networks that participate in polarized cell protrusion, adhesion, and contraction. During collective migration, most of the traction forces are generated by the acto-myosin network linked to focal adhesions at the front of leader cells, which transmit these pulling forces to the followers. Here, using an in vitro wound healing assay to induce polarization and collective directed migration of primary astrocytes, we show that the intermediate filament (IF) network composed of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin contributes to directed collective movement by controlling the distribution of forces in the migrating cell monolayer. Together with the cytoskeletal linker plectin, these IFs control the organization and dynamics of the acto-myosin network, promoting the actin-driven treadmilling of adherens junctions, thereby facilitating the polarization of leader cells. Independently of their effect on adherens junctions, IFs influence the dynamics and localization of focal adhesions and limit their mechanical coupling to the acto-myosin network. We thus conclude that IFs promote collective directed migration in astrocytes by restricting the generation of traction forces to the front of leader cells, preventing aberrant tractions in the followers, and by contributing to the maintenance of lateral cell-cell interactions

SATB1 dictates expression of multiple genes including IL-5 involved in human T helper cell differentiation

Special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a global chromatin organizer and a transcription factor regulated by interleukin-4 (IL-4) during the early T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. Here we show that SATB1 controls multiple IL-4 target genes involved in human Th cell polarization or function. Among the genes regulated by SATB1 is that encoding the cytokine IL-5, which is predominantly produced by Th2 cells and plays a key role in the development of eosinophilia in asthma. We demonstrate that, during the early Th2 cell differentiation, IL-5 expression is repressed through direct binding of SATB1 to the IL-5 promoter. Furthermore, SATB1 knockdown-induced upregulation of IL-5 is partly counteracted by down-regulating GATA3 expression using RNAi in polarizing Th2 cells. Our results suggest that a competitive mechanism involving SATB1 and GATA3 regulates IL-5 transcription, and provide new mechanistic insights into the stringent regulation of IL-5 expression during human Th2 cell differentiation. (Blood. 2010;116(9):1443-1453

Régulation de l'organisation des microtubules par les adhérences cellulaires au cours de la morphogenèse épithéliale

Development from single cell embryo to multicellular adult form of organism involves tremendous morphogenesis. The well defined and highly controlled morphonogenetic processes are crucial at every stage of development including gastrulation, organogensis, wound healing and tissue maintenance. The necessary harmony between cells for these processes is achieved by integration of internal and external polarity cues. This thesis work is focused on understanding how cells integrate polarity cues to drive morphogenetic event such as of Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis. We used centrosome position as an indicator of internal cell polarity due to its active role in organization of microtubules and orientation of internal traffic of endocytosed and secreted proteins; while cortical polarity was inferred by polarized distribution of cell-cell adhesions (CCA) and cell-matrix adhesions (CMA). In the first part, we studied effect of centrosome amplification, which is very common in human cancer; on CCA. Inducible centrosome amplification in mammary gland cells led to destabilization of CCA alongwith generation of invasive cell protrusions. Using a minimal model of tissue; confined on micropatterns, we demonstrated that cells with amplified centrosome correctly oriented their internal polarity axis like normal cells although increased centrosomal protein and peri-centriolar material emanated higher centrosomal microtubules. Use of in vitro models of cell lines and controlled culture conditions revealed that mere amplification of centrosome was sufficient to drive cell fate for cancer-like events in the absence of any additional external growth signals capable of affecting cortical polarity. This study revealed that internal polarity cues interact with cortical polarity signals and the crosstalk between the two governs the physiological state of the cell during transformation events like cancer metastasis. The second part of the study focused on exploring how internal polarity during EMT is modulated to drive precise spatial movements during development. Cell adhesion remodelling being central to EMT, we hypothesized that it was coupled to internal polarity changes. We monitored centrosome position in epithelial and in cells induced for EMT by TGFb and found that nucleus-centrosome axis was reversed. This phenomenon of polarity reversal strongly suggested that internal polarity cues and positioning of organelles is coupled to signals that polarize CCA and CMA distribution. A shift in the force balance between CCA and CMA was observed upon EMT and suggested that CMA forces dominated in mesenchymal cells and release of cells from confinement clearly revealed that ability of cell separation was dependent upon their internal polarity. These results demonstrated that scattering events observed during mesoderm formation during gastrulation or metastasis events in cancer involve active and tightly controlled reversal of internal polarity axis coupled to cortical polarity of cells. From the understanding of above two projects involving cancer-like scattering phenomenon, we developed a product to allow robust drug screening against cancer drugs. We once again used simplified two-cell model on micropattern geometries to develop an assay to detect scattering ability of cells after events like EMT. The assay was validated by EMT transformation of 4 different epithelial cells lines and detection of their scattering ability by single time point picture assay. We used internuclear distance between the cell-pair as the main parameter for scoring the scattering index of cells with possibility of automated image processing. The final product was manufactured in 96-well plate format by industrial collaborator Cytoo for high content screening. Preliminary validation using drugs against EMT constituted proof of principle for the product.Au cours de son développement depuis la cellule unique jusqu’à la forme adulte, l’embryon passe par de nombreuses étapes de morphogenèse. L'harmonie entre les cellules au cours de ces processus est assurée par l’intégration spatiale des signaux externes qui assurent la cohérence des polarités internes et externes des cellules. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la façon dont les cellules intègrent les informations spatiales dans la définition de leur polarité au cours de grandes transformations morphologiques comme la transition épithélium-mésenchyme et la dissémination des cellules tumorales. Nous avons utilisé la position du centrosome comme un indicateur de la polarité cellulaire interne en raison de son rôle actif dans l'organisation des microtubules et donc dans l'orientation du transport intra-cellulaire. La polarité corticale a été inférée à partir de la répartition spatiale des adhérences cellule-cellule (ACC) et cellule-matrice (ACM).Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié l'effet de l'amplification du nombre de centrosomes, une caractéristique fréquente dans les cellules tumorales, sur l’adhérence inter-cellulaire. L'amplification des centrosomes dans les cellules de la glande mammaire a conduit à la rupture des adhérences inter-cellulaires ainsi qu’à la genèse de protubérances cellulaire invasive. Cependant le matériel centrosomal étant plus développé, de nombreux microtubules supplémentaires émanait de ces clusters de centrosomes surnuméraires. L'utilisation de modèles cellulaires in vitro et de conditions de culture contrôlées ont révélées que la simple amplification des centrosomes est suffisante pour moduler le destin de cellules transformées et les rendre invasives. Cette étude a révélé que les mécanismes régissant l’orientation la polarité interne des cellules sont liés à l’arrangement spatial de la polarité corticale et que la diaphonie entre les deux perturbe la physiologie du tissu au point d’induire la formation de métastases tumorales.La deuxième partie de l'étude a porté sur l'exploration de la transition épithélium-mésenchyme (EMT). Nous avons étudié le rôle potentiel des mécanismes de régulation de la polarité pour diriger la précision des mouvements cellulaire au cours de l’EMT. Le remodelage des adhérences inter-cellulaires jouant un rôle central au cours de l’EMT, nous avons supposé qu'il était couplé à des changements de polarité interne. Nous avons suivi le positionnement du centrosome dans les cellules épithéliales et dans les cellules dans lesquelles l’EMT était induite par stimulation au TGFb. La libération des cellules mésenchymateuses de leur confinement nous a montré que la séparation des cellules après l’EMT était dépendante de l’inversion de polarité interne dans ces cellules. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dispersion des cellules observée pendant la formation du mésoderme au cours de la gastrulation impliquent un renversement actif et finement contrôlée du couplage entre l’axe de polarité interne et l’asymétrie des deux types d’adhérences cellulaires.Suite à l’étude de ces deux projets impliquant des dispersions cellulaires, nous avons développé un dispositif pour permettre le criblage de médicaments contre les dérèglements cellulaires impliqués dans la formation des métastases. Nous avons à nouveau utilisé un modèle simplifié de paires de cellules sur des micropattern pour détecter la capacité de dispersion des cellules suite à des stimulations externes comme celle induisant l’EMT. Le test, qui permet de mesurer le degré de séparation des cellules à l’aide d’une seule image, a été validé sur quatre lignées de cellules épithéliales différentes. Le dispositif final a été adapté à un format de plaque 96 puits en collaboration avec l’entreprise Cytoo afin de permettre des criblages à haut contenu. Ce kit a ensuite été validé en testant des médicaments connus contre l’EMT

Interplay between microtubule organization and cell adhesions during epithelial morphogenesis

Au cours de son développement depuis la cellule unique jusqu’à la forme adulte, l’embryon passe par de nombreuses étapes de morphogenèse. L'harmonie entre les cellules au cours de ces processus est assurée par l’intégration spatiale des signaux externes qui assurent la cohérence des polarités internes et externes des cellules. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur la façon dont les cellules intègrent les informations spatiales dans la définition de leur polarité au cours de grandes transformations morphologiques comme la transition épithélium-mésenchyme et la dissémination des cellules tumorales. Nous avons utilisé la position du centrosome comme un indicateur de la polarité cellulaire interne en raison de son rôle actif dans l'organisation des microtubules et donc dans l'orientation du transport intra-cellulaire. La polarité corticale a été inférée à partir de la répartition spatiale des adhérences cellule-cellule (ACC) et cellule-matrice (ACM).Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié l'effet de l'amplification du nombre de centrosomes, une caractéristique fréquente dans les cellules tumorales, sur l’adhérence inter-cellulaire. L'amplification des centrosomes dans les cellules de la glande mammaire a conduit à la rupture des adhérences inter-cellulaires ainsi qu’à la genèse de protubérances cellulaire invasive. Cependant le matériel centrosomal étant plus développé, de nombreux microtubules supplémentaires émanait de ces clusters de centrosomes surnuméraires. L'utilisation de modèles cellulaires in vitro et de conditions de culture contrôlées ont révélées que la simple amplification des centrosomes est suffisante pour moduler le destin de cellules transformées et les rendre invasives. Cette étude a révélé que les mécanismes régissant l’orientation la polarité interne des cellules sont liés à l’arrangement spatial de la polarité corticale et que la diaphonie entre les deux perturbe la physiologie du tissu au point d’induire la formation de métastases tumorales.La deuxième partie de l'étude a porté sur l'exploration de la transition épithélium-mésenchyme (EMT). Nous avons étudié le rôle potentiel des mécanismes de régulation de la polarité pour diriger la précision des mouvements cellulaire au cours de l’EMT. Le remodelage des adhérences inter-cellulaires jouant un rôle central au cours de l’EMT, nous avons supposé qu'il était couplé à des changements de polarité interne. Nous avons suivi le positionnement du centrosome dans les cellules épithéliales et dans les cellules dans lesquelles l’EMT était induite par stimulation au TGFb. La libération des cellules mésenchymateuses de leur confinement nous a montré que la séparation des cellules après l’EMT était dépendante de l’inversion de polarité interne dans ces cellules. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dispersion des cellules observée pendant la formation du mésoderme au cours de la gastrulation impliquent un renversement actif et finement contrôlée du couplage entre l’axe de polarité interne et l’asymétrie des deux types d’adhérences cellulaires.Suite à l’étude de ces deux projets impliquant des dispersions cellulaires, nous avons développé un dispositif pour permettre le criblage de médicaments contre les dérèglements cellulaires impliqués dans la formation des métastases. Nous avons à nouveau utilisé un modèle simplifié de paires de cellules sur des micropattern pour détecter la capacité de dispersion des cellules suite à des stimulations externes comme celle induisant l’EMT. Le test, qui permet de mesurer le degré de séparation des cellules à l’aide d’une seule image, a été validé sur quatre lignées de cellules épithéliales différentes. Le dispositif final a été adapté à un format de plaque 96 puits en collaboration avec l’entreprise Cytoo afin de permettre des criblages à haut contenu. Ce kit a ensuite été validé en testant des médicaments connus contre l’EMT.Development from single cell embryo to multicellular adult form of organism involves tremendous morphogenesis. The well defined and highly controlled morphonogenetic processes are crucial at every stage of development including gastrulation, organogensis, wound healing and tissue maintenance. The necessary harmony between cells for these processes is achieved by integration of internal and external polarity cues. This thesis work is focused on understanding how cells integrate polarity cues to drive morphogenetic event such as of Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis. We used centrosome position as an indicator of internal cell polarity due to its active role in organization of microtubules and orientation of internal traffic of endocytosed and secreted proteins; while cortical polarity was inferred by polarized distribution of cell-cell adhesions (CCA) and cell-matrix adhesions (CMA). In the first part, we studied effect of centrosome amplification, which is very common in human cancer; on CCA. Inducible centrosome amplification in mammary gland cells led to destabilization of CCA alongwith generation of invasive cell protrusions. Using a minimal model of tissue; confined on micropatterns, we demonstrated that cells with amplified centrosome correctly oriented their internal polarity axis like normal cells although increased centrosomal protein and peri-centriolar material emanated higher centrosomal microtubules. Use of in vitro models of cell lines and controlled culture conditions revealed that mere amplification of centrosome was sufficient to drive cell fate for cancer-like events in the absence of any additional external growth signals capable of affecting cortical polarity. This study revealed that internal polarity cues interact with cortical polarity signals and the crosstalk between the two governs the physiological state of the cell during transformation events like cancer metastasis. The second part of the study focused on exploring how internal polarity during EMT is modulated to drive precise spatial movements during development. Cell adhesion remodelling being central to EMT, we hypothesized that it was coupled to internal polarity changes. We monitored centrosome position in epithelial and in cells induced for EMT by TGFb and found that nucleus-centrosome axis was reversed. This phenomenon of polarity reversal strongly suggested that internal polarity cues and positioning of organelles is coupled to signals that polarize CCA and CMA distribution. A shift in the force balance between CCA and CMA was observed upon EMT and suggested that CMA forces dominated in mesenchymal cells and release of cells from confinement clearly revealed that ability of cell separation was dependent upon their internal polarity. These results demonstrated that scattering events observed during mesoderm formation during gastrulation or metastasis events in cancer involve active and tightly controlled reversal of internal polarity axis coupled to cortical polarity of cells. From the understanding of above two projects involving cancer-like scattering phenomenon, we developed a product to allow robust drug screening against cancer drugs. We once again used simplified two-cell model on micropattern geometries to develop an assay to detect scattering ability of cells after events like EMT. The assay was validated by EMT transformation of 4 different epithelial cells lines and detection of their scattering ability by single time point picture assay. We used internuclear distance between the cell-pair as the main parameter for scoring the scattering index of cells with possibility of automated image processing. The final product was manufactured in 96-well plate format by industrial collaborator Cytoo for high content screening. Preliminary validation using drugs against EMT constituted proof of principle for the product

Cellular logistics : Unraveling the interplay between microtubule organization and intracellular transport

Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein-based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type-specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus

Cellular logistics : Unraveling the interplay between microtubule organization and intracellular transport

Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein-based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type-specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus

Spatial segregation between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions.

International audienceCell-cell adhesion (CCA) and cell-matrix adhesion (CMA) play determinant roles in the architecture and function of epithelial cells. CCA and CMA are supported by transmembrane molecular complexes that dynamically interact with the extracellular environment and the cell cytoskeleton. Although those complexes have distinct functions, they are involved in a continuous crosstalk. In epithelia, CCA and CMA segregate in distinct regions of the cell surface and thereby take part in cell polarity. Recent results have shown that the two adhesion systems exert negative feedback on each other and appear to regulate actin network dynamics and mechanical force production in different ways. In light of this, we argue that the interplay between these regulatory mechanisms plays an important role in the spatial separation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions components in distinct regions of the cell surface

Cell adhesion geometry regulates non-random DNA segregation and asymmetric cell fates in mouse skeletal muscle stem cells

Cells of several metazoan species have been shown to non-randomly segregate their DNA such that older template DNA strands segregate to one daughter cell. The mechanisms that regulate this asymmetry remain undefined. Determinants of cell fate are polarized during mitosis and partitioned asymmetrically as the spindle pole orients during cell division. Chromatids align along the pole axis; therefore, it is unclear whether extrinsic cues that determine spindle pole position also promote non-random DNA segregation. To mimic the asymmetric divisions seen in the mouse skeletal stem cell niche, we used micropatterns coated with extracellular matrix in asymmetric and symmetric motifs. We show that the frequency of non-random DNA segregation and transcription factor asymmetry correlates with the shape of the motif and that these events can be uncoupled. Furthermore, regulation of DNA segregation by cell adhesion occurs within a defined time interval. Thus, cell adhesion cues have a major impact on determining both DNA segregation patterns and cell fates