Folikularna dinamika u Rathi (Bos indicus) krava.

The objective of this study was to investigate follicular dynamics during oestrus cycle in Rathi (Bos indicus) breed of cattle. Follicular growth and atresia were evaluated using a portable ultrasound device. Of the 14 interovulatory cycles studied in 7 cows, 11 had two waves and 3 had three waves of follicular growth. There was no difference (P>0.05) in dominant or subordinate follicles growth or atresia rates among follicular waves. The first wave of a two-wave cycle emerged on day 2.10 ± 0.36 and lasted for 13.35 ± 1.72 days, whereas the second wave (ovulatory) emerged on day 10.5 ± 0.6 and lasted for 10.4 ± 0.9 days. During the three-wave cycle the first, second and third (ovulatory) waves emerged on day 0.7 ± 0.5, 7.2 ± 1.0 and 13.2 ± 3.4 of oestrus, respectively. Total number of follicles during the oestrus cycle was in the range of 3.36 ± 0.48 to 7.57 ± 1.01, with only slight variation and without any definite pattern. It was concluded that Rathi cattle have follicular dynamics similar to other breeds of cattle.Svrha rada bila je istražiti folikularnu dinamiku u tijeku spolnoga ciklusa u Rathi (Bos indicus) krava. Pri tome je rabljen prijenosni ultrazvuk kojim je praćen razvoj i atreziju folikula. Od ukupno 14 interovulatornih ciklusa, praćenih u 7 krava, ustanovljeno je da je 11 imalo 2 vala dok su 3 ciklusa imala 3 vala folikularnoga rasta. Nije bilo značajne razlike između rasta dominantnih ili subordinantnih folikula kao ni pojave atrezije između promatranih valova rasta folikula (P>0,05). Prvi val zrenja kod ciklusa s 2 vala zrenja počeo je nakon 2,10 ± 0,36 i trajao 13,35 ± 1,72 dana, dok je ovulatorni odnosno drugi val počeo rasti 10,5 ± 0,6 i trajao 10,4 ± 0,9 dana. Kod ciklusa s tri vala valovi su počeli rasti nakon 0,7 ± 0,5 odnosno 7,2 ± 1,0 i 13,2 ± 3,4. Ukupan broj folikula u tijeku ciklusa iznosio je u rasponu od 3,36 ± 0,48 do 7,57 ± 1,01 s laganom varijacijom i bez konačnoga specifičnoga obrasca. Zaključeno je da Rathi krave imaju sličnu folikularnu dinamiku kao i ostale pasmine krava

Follicular dynamics in Rathi (Bos indicus) cattle

The objective of this study was to investigate follicular dynamics during oestrus cycle in Rathi (Bos indicus) breed of cattle. Follicular growth and atresia were evaluated using a portable ultrasound device. Of the 14 interovulatory cycles studied in 7 cows, 11 had two waves and 3 had three waves of follicular growth. There was no difference (P>0.05) in dominant or subordinate follicles growth or atresia rates among follicular waves. The first wave of a two-wave cycle emerged on day 2.10 ± 0.36 and lasted for 13.35 ± 1.72 days, whereas the second wave (ovulatory) emerged on day 10.5 ± 0.6 and lasted for 10.4 ± 0.9 days. During the three-wave cycle the first, second and third (ovulatory) waves emerged on day 0.7 ± 0.5, 7.2 ± 1.0 and 13.2 ± 3.4 of oestrus, respectively. Total number of follicles during the oestrus cycle was in the range of 3.36 ± 0.48 to 7.57 ± 1.01, with only slight variation and without any definite pattern. It was concluded that Rathi cattle have follicular dynamics similar to other breeds of cattle. Key words: dominant follicle, follicular waves, Rathi cattle, ultrasonograph

Mammary gland pathologies in the parturient buffalo

Parturition related mammary gland pathologies in the buffalo appear to be low on accord of anatomic (longer teat length, thicker streak canal) and physiologic (lower cisternal storage of secreted milk, lower milk production) differences with cattle. Hemolactia, udder edema and hypogalactia usually occur in the buffalo due to physiologic changes around parturition however mastitis involves pathologic changes in the udder and teats; the incidence of mastitis is however lower compared to cattle. The incidence and therapy of hemolactia, udder edema and hypogalactia are mentioned and the risk factors, incidence, diagnosis, therapy and prevention for mastitis in buffalo are also described

Extracellular galectin 4 drives immune evasion and promotes T-cell apoptosis in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by rich deposits of extracellular matrix (ECM), affecting the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we identified galectin 4 (gal 4) as a cancer cell produced protein deposited into the ECM of PDAC tumors and detected high circulating levels of gal 4 in PDAC patients. In orthotopic transplantation experiments we observed increased infiltration of T-cells and prolonged survival in immunocompetent mice transplanted with cancer cells with reduced expression of gal 4. Increased survival was not observed in immunodeficient RAG1-/- mice, demonstrating that the effect was mediated by the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, by performing single-cell RNA-sequencing we found that the myeloid compartment and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes were altered in the transplanted tumors. Reduced gal 4 expression was associated with higher proportion of myofibroblastic CAFs and reduced numbers of inflammatory CAFs. We also found higher proportions of M1 macrophages, T-cells and antigen presenting dendritic cells in tumors with reduced gal 4 expression. Using a co-culture system, we observed that extracellular gal 4 induced apoptosis in T-cells by binding N-glycosylation residues on CD3 epsilon/delta. Hence, we show that gal 4 is involved in immune evasion and identify gal 4 as a promising drug target for overcoming immunosuppression in PDAC. Originally included in thesis in manuscript form. </p

Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine in India

ABSTRACTLumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50th LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVacInd) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv