Asymmetrische Darstellung von Glycosid-Mimetika und marinen Naturstoffsegmenten von Discodermolid, Spongistatin und Phorboxazol : Entwicklung eines synthetischen chiralen Pools

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A Portrayal of Feudalism System and Oppression in Java in “The Girl from the Coast” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Klemen, Misske Siane Oktavina. 2018. “A Portrayal of Feudalism System and Oppressions in Java in “The Girl from The Coast” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer” Skripsi, Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Kristen Indonesia. Pembimbing: Dr.rer.pol., Ied Veda R. Sitepu, SS., MA Keywords: javanese culture, javanese feodalism, patriarchal oppression, social class, pramoedya ananta toer, the girl from the coast. Novel “The Girl from the Coast” karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer bercerita mengenai seorang perempuan anak priyayi dari kampung nelayan yang dijadikan ‘istri percobaan’ oleh seorang bangsawan Jawa yang disebut Bendoro dari Rembang. Skripsi ini membahas 3 permasalahan yaitu, bagaimana budaya feodalisme di Jawa digambarkan melalui novel tersebut, The Girl sebagai simbol dari kaum marjinal dan Bendoro sebagai simbol dari kaum bangsawan; bagaimana tokoh utama dalam novel ini berjuang dari tekanan dan ketidakadilan akibat dari budaya patriaki; dan apa yang ingin disampaikan penulis novel melalui novel The Girl from The Coast? Berdasarkan analisa pada novel “The Girl from the Coast” ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa budaya feodalisme di Jawa menindas wanita, terutama mereka yang lahir dari kalangan rakyat biasa. Kaum priyayi harus patuh terhadap kaum ningrat. Tokoh utama, The Girl, dalam novel ini merefleksikan korban budaya patriaki, yaitu penindasan terhadap perempuan, seperti kawin paksa di usia yang masih belia oleh ayahnya, supaya keluarganya mendapatkan penghidupan yang lebih baik, padahal ia hanya dijadikan “istri percobaan” oleh kaum ningrat. Novel ini menjadi alat kritik sosial bagi Pramoedya untuk mengambarkan ketidakadilan dan pelakuan semena-mena terhadap perempuan dari kaum priyayi yang terjadi pada masyarakat Jawa anatara abad 19-20

Construction and establishment of a new environmental chamber to study real-time cardiac development

Heart development, especially the critical phase of cardiac looping, is a complex and intricate process that has not yet been visualized "live" over long periods of time. We have constructed and established a new environmental incubator chamber that provides stable conditions for embryonic development with regard to temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. We have integrated a video microscope in the chamber to visualize the developing heart in real time and present the first "live" recordings of a chick embryo in shell-less culture acquired over a period of 2 days. The time-lapse images we show depict a significant time window that covers the most critical and typical morphogenetic events during normal cardiac looping. Our system is of interest to researchers in the field of embryogenesis, as it can be adapted to a variety of animal models for organogenesis studies including heart and limb development. © MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007

Exposure to excess Phenobarbital negatively influences the osteogenesis of chick embryos

Phenobarbital is an antiepileptic drug that is widely used to treat epilepsy in a clinical setting. However, a long term of phenobarbital administration in pregnant women may produce side effects on embryonic skeletogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the mechanism by which phenobarbital treatment induces developmental defects in long bones. We first determined that phenobarbital treatment decreased chondrogenesis and inhibited the proliferation of chondrocytes in chick embryos. Phenobarbital treatment also suppressed mineralization in both in vivo and in vitro long bone models. Next, we established that phenobarbital treatment delayed blood vessel invasion in a cartilage template, and this finding was supported by the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the hypertrophic zone following phenobarbital treatment. Phenobarbital treatment inhibited tube formation and the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, it impaired angiogenesis in chick yolk sac membrane model and chorioallantoic membrane model. In summary, phenobarbital exposure led to shortened lengths of long bones during embryogenesis, which might result from inhibiting mesenchyme differentiation, chondrocyte proliferation, and delaying mineralization by impairing vascular invasion

Global trends for kp? Expanding the frontier of ester side chain topography in acrylates and methacrylates

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient for two linear methacrylates, two branched methacrylates, and two branched acrylates are determined via the pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) method. The Mark-Houwink-Kuhn-Sakurada parameters of these polymers are additionally determined via multidetector SEC of narrowly distributed polymer samples obtained through fractionation, allowing for a correct SEC calibration in the PLP-SEC experiment. The data obtained for stearyl methacrylate (SMA, A = 3.45 (-1.17 to +4.46) × 106 L·mol-1·s-1; Ea = 21.49 (-1.59 to +1.90) kJ·mol-1) and behenyl methacrylate (BeMA, A = 2.51 (-0.80 to +3.06) × 106 L·mol-1·s -1; Ea = 20.52 (-1.43 to +1.85) kJ·mol -1) underpin the trend of increasing kp with increasing ester side chain length. Propylheptyl methacrylate (PHMA, A = 2.83 (-0.82 to 3.15) × 106 L·mol-1·s-1; Ea = 21.72 (-1.20 to +1.64) kJ·mol-1) and heptadecanyl methacrylate (C17MA, A = 2.04 (-0.66 to +1.71) × 10 6 L·mol-1·s-1; Ea = 20.72 (-1.42 to +1.38) kJ·mol-1) can be described as a family of branched methacrylates jointly with isodecyl methacrylate and ethylhexyl methacrylate (both published previously), resulting in joint Arrhenius parameters of A = 2.39 (-0.51 to +0.84) × 106 L·mol -1·s-1 and Ea = 21.16 (-0.78 to +0.76) kJ·mol-1. In addition, the corresponding branched acrylates are studied applying high-frequency PLP at a 500 Hz laser repetition rate, resulting in Arrhenius parameters of A = 1.05 (-0.42 to +2.81) × 10 7 L·mol-1·s-1 and Ea = 16.41 (-1.99 to +2.42) kJ·mol-1 for propylheptyl acrylate (PHA) and A = 8.15 (-2.83 to +10.3) × 106 L·mol -1·s-1 and Ea = 14.66 (-1.49 to +1.66) kJ·mol-1 for heptadecanyl acrylate (C17A). © 2012 American Chemical Society

Global trends for kp? The influence of ester side chain topography in alkyl (meth)acrylates - Completing the data base

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient, k p, are determined via the IUPAC recommended pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) method for two linear alkyl acrylates (stearyl and behenyl acrylate), four branched alkyl acrylates (isononyl (INA-A), tridecyl (TDN-A and TDA-A), and henicosyl acrylate (C21A)), and two branched alkyl methacrylates (tridecyl methacrylates (TDN-MA and TDA-MA)) in bulk. Furthermore, the above stated acrylates and heptadecyl acrylate (C17A) were studied in 1 M solution in butyl acetate (BuAc). On the basis of such a wide data basis in combination with the already literature known data of relatives of the herein investigated monomers, we are able to identify and extend global trends and family type behavior for the propagation rate coefficients of a wide array of alkyl (meth)acrylates. In order to ensure a valid SEC evaluation, the polymer specific Mark-Houwnik-Kuhn-Sakurada (MHKS) parameters are determined for each of the polymers, via multidetector SEC analysis (multi angle laser light scattering (MALLS) in combination with differential viscosimetry (Visco) and refractive index (RI)) of narrowly distributed polymer samples obtained via fraction with a preparative SEC column. By employing further physicochemical polymer specific data (e.g., glass transition temperatures (Tg)), we provide a hypothesis for the reported trends and family type behaviors: (i) the steady increase of k p with increasing ester side chain length for linear alkyl (meth)acrylates may be explained by a decreasing concentration of the polar ester moieties, resulting in a decreasing stabilization of the attacking radical in the transition state of the propagation reaction, and (ii) the family type behavior of the branched alkyl methacrylates can be understood by considering steric and entropic influences. For the branched alkyl acrylates, no clear trend is detectable, and a family type behavior is clearly not observed in contrast to the corresponding methacrylates. © 2014 American Chemical Society

Glass-transition-, melting-, and decomposition temperatures of tailored polyacrylates and polymethacrylates: General trends and structure-property relationships

The glass-transition-, melting, and onset decomposition temperatures of a series of tailored polymethacrylates and polyacrylates are systematically investigated. Application fields of the investigated polymers include coatings, adhesives, textile, paper, cosmetics, electronics, lubricants, fuel additives, and oil-field or construction chemicals. The present study focuses on linear alkyl, branched alkyl, and amino, as well as ether polymethacrylates and polyacrylates. Novel polymers are introduced with branched C9, C13, C17, and C21 ester, Lupragen, or glycopyranoside ester groups. The thermal characteristics of the novel polymers are analyzed and placed into the context of the thermal data of known polymers fitting into the homologous series. General trends providing a comprehensive and concise overview of the determined thermal properties are derived. Structure-property relationships are established and a detailed physicochemical rationale is provided. The study may even allow for a rapid empirical estimation of thermal data of not yet assessed polymer systems. The thermal properties of a wide series of polyacrylates and polymethacrylates (among them completely novel structures) are systematically investigated for the first time. General trends are derived and structure-property relationships are established. The study provides a knowledge base, for industrial polymer applications, for a rapid empirical estimation of thermal polymer data, or for the tailored design of novel materials. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

No apparent correlation of kp with steric hindrance for branched acrylates

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient, kp, are determined via the pulsed laser polymerization - size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) method for five branched acrylates (tert-butyl (tBA), isobornyl (iBoA), benzyl (BnA), 2-ethylhexyl (EHA), and 2-propylheptyl acrylate (PHA)) in 1 m solution in butyl acetate (BuAc) to complete the series, published by Haehnel et al. in 2014, of branched acrylates (isononyl (INA-A), tridecyl (TDA-A and TDN-A), heptadecyl (C17A), and henicosyl acrylate (C21A)) in solution that do not show a trend in kp. Furthermore, the propagation rate coefficients of the branched acrylates in 1 m solution are critically compared with the branched acrylates in bulk as well as branched methacrylates. A summary of the trends and family-type behavior for the linear and branched (meth)acrylates as well as methacrylates with cyclic ester side chains is provided. For the branched acrylates in 1 m solution, no clear trends of the propagation rate coefficients, kp, or Arrhenius parameters A and EA are detectable and - in contrast to the corresponding methacrylates - there is no family-type behavior observed in solution as well as in bulk. A series of branched acrylates in solution is investigated for trends and family-type behavior of their propagation rate coefficients and Arrhenius parameters. The data in solution are compared to previously published data of branched acrylates in bulk and branched methacrylates accompanied by an encompassing synopsis of the so-far reported trends among acrylic and methacrylic monomers. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim