The Effect of Specific Pre Season Training Package on Selected Physical Fitness Variables

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of a pre-season training package on selected physical fitness variables of Volleyball players. In total 100 numbers of students were taken as subjects and were divided equally (50 each) into two groups namely Experimental and Control groups. Pre tests on physical fitness variable was conducted prior to pre season training package to the experimental group and post test was made after a 12 week treatment and comparisons were made between and within the groups were statistical analyzed by using Analysis of Variance prescribed in Mixed Model Least-Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program Pc-2 as programmed by Walter R. Harvey

Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors 11–13 in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis

The functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 11–13 in central nervous system (CNS) infections are currently unknown. Using a murine model of neurocysticercosis, we investigated the expression and distribution of TLRs 11–13 by using both gene specific real-time PCR analysis and in situ immunofluoresence microscopy in both control and neurocysticercosis brains. In the mock infected brain, mRNAs of TLRs 11–13 were constitutively expressed. Parasite infection caused an increase of both mRNAs and protein levels of all three TLRs by several fold. All three TLR proteins were present in both CNS and immune cell types. Among them TLR13 was expressed the most in terms of number of positive cells and brain areas expressing it, followed by TLR11 and TLR12 respectively. Among the nervous tissue cells, TLRs 11–13 protein levels appeared highest in neurons. However, TLR13 expression was also present in ependymal cells, endothelial cells of pial blood vessels, and astrocytes. In contrast, infiltrating CD11b and CD11c positive myeloid cells predominantly produced TLR11 protein, particularly early during infection at 1 wk post infection (~50% cells). TLRs 12 and 13 proteins were present on approximately 5% of infiltrating immune cells. The infiltrating cells positive for TLRs 11–13 were mostly of myeloid origin, CD11b+ cells. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the expression of TLRs 11–13 in normal and parasite infected mouse brains and suggests a role for them in CNS infections

A Clinical Review on Mutraghata (Retention of Urine)

Numerous folks are afflicted by numerous Mutra Vaha Srotas diseases. Any Vaidya should be familiar with terms like Nidana, Samprapti, Lakshanas, Sadhya-Asadhyata, Upadrava, and Chikitsa. Mutraghata has been recognized by Acharya Dalhana as a Mutra Vaha Srotas clinical body, when urine flow is impeded, as a result of retention or relative anuria or oliguria. Urine that is obstructed (Mutraghata) is unhealthy because urine is its primary feature. Therefore, urinary tract obstruction or urinary route inflammation may be to blame for urine retention. This effect may also be employed as the Mutraghata's Nidana for the Mutra Vaha Srotas' Dushti. The Doshas become worse as a result of this reason. Vata Dosha predominates. Pee flow is impeded by the vitiated Dosha, which combines with urine

Salt consumption awareness in Portugal: comparison between the ECOS surveys of 2014 and 2018

O consumo excessivo de sal aumenta o risco de doenças crónicas, pelo que a sensibilização da população é uma medida recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e pela Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) para a diminuição do seu consumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência relativa à preocupação com o consumo de sal, em 2014 e 2018 em Portugal, avaliar a sua evolução e caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico dos participantes que manifestaram preocupação com o consumo de sal nos dois anos em análise. Os dados foram recolhidos no âmbito do inquérito telefónico ECOS (Em Casa Observamos Saúde) para esses anos. Em 2014, 77% dos inquiridos referiram ter preocupação quanto ao consumo de sal face a 75% em 2018. Em ambos os anos, as mulheres revelaram uma maior preocupação quanto ao consumo de sal, comparativamente ao sexo masculino, embora essa diferença fosse mais evidente em 2014. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a preocupação com o consumo de sal aumenta com a idade, sendo o grupo etário com mais de 65 anos o que registou uma maior preocupação relativamente ao consumo do sal, nos dois anos em análise. Não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os níveis de escolaridade ou as regiões.Excessive salt consumption increases the risk of chronic diseases. Thus raising awareness is a measure to reduce its consumption, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Portuguese Directorate General of Health. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of individuals who reported awareness regarding their salt consumption in 2014 and 2018, and to investigate its distribution among several sociodemographic characteristics. Data was collected by means of a national representative panel telephonic survey, ECOS. In 2014, 77% of respondents reported watching or reducing salt consumption, compared to 75% in 2018, but this difference between years was not significant. In both years, women were more aware of salt intake than men, although this difference was more significant in 2014. Additionally, awareness regarding salt consumption increased with age, with the age group over 65 years old being the most aware, in the two years under analysis. No statistically significant differences were found among the different educational level groups, or regions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Alcohol, Stem Cells and Cancer.

Dosage, gender, and genetic susceptibility to the effects of alcohol remained only partially elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the role of alcohol in liver and gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, two recent pathways- DNA repair and TGF-β signaling which provide new insights into alcohol in the regulation of cancers and stem cells are also discussed here

Differential Rotation of the Solar Chromosphere: A Century-long Perspective from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Ca II K Data

Chromospheric differential rotation is a key component in comprehending the atmospheric coupling between the chromosphere and the photosphere at different phases of the solar cycle. In this study, we therefore utilize the newly calibrated multidecadal Ca II K spectroheliograms (1907-2007) from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) to investigate the differential rotation of the solar chromosphere using the technique of image cross-correlation. Our analysis yields the chromospheric differential rotation rate $\Omega (\theta) = (14.61\pm 0.04 - 2.18\pm 0.37\sin^2{\theta} - 1.10 \pm 0.61\sin^4{\theta})^\circ{\rm /day}$. These results suggest the chromospheric plages exhibit an equatorial rotation rate 1.59% faster than the photosphere when compared with the differential rotation rate measured using sunspots and also a smaller latitudinal gradient compared to the same. To compare our results to those from other observatories, we have applied our method on a small sample of Ca II K data from Rome, Meudon, and Mt. Wilson observatories, which support our findings from KoSO data. Additionally, we have not found any significant north-south asymmetry or any systematic variation in chromospheric differential rotation over the last century.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted in Ap

Evaluation of IL-1 Blockade as an Adjunct to Linezolid Therapy for Tuberculosis in Mice and Macaques

In 2017 over 550,000 estimated new cases of multi-drug/rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) occurred, emphasizing a need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is a potent antibiotic for drug-resistant Gram-positive infections and is an effective treatment for TB. However, extended LZD use can lead to LZD-associated host toxicities, most commonly bone marrow suppression. LZD toxicities may be mediated by IL-1, an inflammatory pathway important for early immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. However, IL-1 can contribute to pathology and disease severity late in TB progression. Since IL-1 may contribute to LZD toxicity and does influence TB pathology, we targeted this pathway with a potential host-directed therapy (HDT). We hypothesized LZD efficacy could be enhanced by modulation of IL-1 pathway to reduce bone marrow toxicity and TB associated-inflammation. We used two animal models of TB to test our hypothesis, a TB-susceptible mouse model and clinically relevant cynomolgus macaques. Antagonizing IL-1 in mice with established infection reduced lung neutrophil numbers and partially restored the erythroid progenitor populations that are depleted by LZD. In macaques, we found no conclusive evidence of bone marrow suppression associated with LZD, indicating our treatment time may have been short enough to avoid the toxicities observed in humans. Though treatment was only 4 weeks (the FDA approved regimen at the time of study), we observed sterilization of the majority of granulomas regardless of co-administration of the FDA-approved IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Rn), also known as Anakinra. However, total lung inflammation was significantly reduced in macaques treated with IL-1Rn and LZD compared to LZD alone. Importantly, IL-1Rn administration did not impair the host response against Mtb or LZD efficacy in either animal model. Together, our data support that inhibition of IL-1 in combination with LZD has potential to be an effective HDT for TB and the need for further research in this area

Evaluation of IL-1 blockade as a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis in mice and macaques [preprint]

In 2017, there were over 550,000 estimated new cases of multi-drug/rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB), emphasizing a need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is a potent antibiotic for antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive infections and is an effective treatment for TB. However, extended LZD use can lead to LZD-associated host toxicities, most commonly bone marrow suppression. LZD toxicities may be mediated by IL-1, a pathway important for early immunity during M. tuberculosis infection that later contributes to pathology. We hypothesized LZD efficacy could be enhanced by modulation of IL-1 pathway to reduce BM toxicity and TB associated-inflammation. We used two animal models of TB to test our hypothesis, mice and cynomolgus macaques. Antagonizing IL-1 in chronically-infected mice reduced lung neutrophil numbers and partially restored the erythroid progenitor populations that are depleted by LZD. In macaques, we found no conclusive evidence of BM suppression associated with LZD, indicating our treatment time may have been short enough to avoid the toxicities observed in humans. Though treatment was only 1 month, the majority of granulomas were sterilized with reduced inflammation (assessed by PET/CT) in animals treated with both LZD and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Rn). However, overall lung inflammation was significantly reduced in macaques treated with both IL-1Rn and LZD, compared to LZD alone. Importantly, IL-1Rn administration did not noticeably impair the host response against Mtb or LZD efficacy in either animal model. Together, our data support that inhibition of IL-1 in combination with LZD has potential to be an effective HDT for TB