COVID-19 AND IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ALBANIA

This paper provides an overview of the assessment of legal and policy developments ofEnvironmental International Law on the global pandemic declared from World HealthOrganization on 11 march 2020. COVID-19 knows no borders, and whether these bordersare international frontiers, national territories, disciplinary boundaries, either economical orindustrial sectors. The COVID-19 experience has made clear that clear that environmentalinternational law develops shifts occur in response to crises perceived as being of concern tohumanity as a whole based on its unknown origins, national and international policy responses,and impact consequences on the environment. Covid-19 scenarios in Albania, including therestriction of essential and non-essential services, suspension of processing and legal termsin certain circumstances, has businesses questioning what statues, regulations, standards orpolicies have continued to remain in force. Generally, those environmental laws, regulations,policies, permits and standards that pertain to environmental protection, pollution prevention,biodiversity and conservation, and sustainable development whether, remain in full force andeffect. At this point, it is reasonably for all business operators and companies to assume thatthe applicable environmental monitoring, reporting and permitting requirements continue toapply to their operations. Appropriate enforcement of the numerous environmental obligationsduring this emergency period will have its positive impact on environmental protection. It isimportant that during COVID-19, businesses continue the fully apply their current obligationsand document all steps taken to maintain compliance on environmental assessment andenvironmental permits

THE DETERMINANTS OF CORE INFLATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

We investigate the determinants of core inflation in Macedonia and show that the most important drivers of the cumulative core inflation in the post crisis period i.e. between 2010-16 relative to 2008-09 are underutilization of labor in the form of involuntary part-time employment and headline unemployment rate. Both indicators have contributed positively to cumulative core inflation since 2015 but headline unemployment rate much less so. The contribution of trend productivity growth has remained negligible. Sluggishness in core inflation faced against the background of relatively buoyant activity in the post-crisis period—has corresponded with slow pass through from declining unemployment rates to faster wage growth. We suggest that core inflation rates in Macedonia will likely remain low unless wage growth speeds-up beyond productivity growth more sustainably

Macroeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 crisis on selected CEE countries

The outbreak of pandemic COVID-19 across the globe with more than three million dead people has completely disrupted the, social, economic and financial structures of the world. The rapid spread of COVID-19 pandemic in early March 2020 interrupted the growth momentum, which was present in most of the Eastern European countries. Many countries have closed their borders, ordered businesses to close, instructed their populations to self-quarantine, and closed schools. In addition, stock markets around the world have fallen and tax revenue sources have collapsed. Because of the medical crisis, governments across the globe implemented monetary, fiscal and balance of payments measures to curb with the severe economic downturn. Today, one and a half year after the first case was registered in China, even with high uncertainty about the path of the pandemic, a way out of this health and economic crisis is increasingly visible. In this paper, we prepare macroeconomic overview of the COVID – 19 impact on the macroeconomic developments with comparative analysis of the Eastern European countries. Unfortunately, many of these countries are among the worst performers with very high number of deaths per million people. We found serious impact of COVID-19 to the economies in this group of countries with higher magnitude than the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The impact is different, attacking both supply and demand side of the economy and certain sectors has been more affected, especially micro, small, and medium enterprises. We found that countries, which rely more on tourism sector, suffered more than other countries

Macroeconomic overview of the COVID – 19 impact on the macroeconomic developments with comparative analysis of the Eastern European countries

The outbreak of pandemic COVID-19 across the globe with more than three million dead people has completely disrupted the, social, economic and financial structures of the world. The rapid spread of COVID-19 pandemic in early March 2020 interrupted the growth momentum, which was present in most of the Eastern European countries. Many countries have closed their borders, ordered businesses to close, instructed their populations to self-quarantine, and closed schools. In addition, stock markets around the world have fallen and tax revenue sources have collapsed. Because of the medical crisis, governments across the globe implemented monetary, fiscal and balance of payments measures to curb with the severe economic downturn. Today, one and a half year after the first case was registered in China, even with high uncertainty about the path of the pandemic, a way out of this health and economic crisis is increasingly visible. In this paper, we prepare macroeconomic overview of the COVID – 19 impact on the macroeconomic developments with comparative analysis of the Eastern European countries. Unfortunately, many of these countries are among the worst performers with very high number of deaths per million people. We found serious impact of COVID-19 to the economies in this group of countries with higher magnitude than the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The impact is different, attacking both supply and demand side of the economy and certain sectors has been more affected, especially micro, small, and medium enterprises. We found that countries, which rely more on tourism sector, suffered more than other countries

Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of bank loans to private sector: The case of North Macedonia

The main aim of this paper is to identify the macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of bank loans to private sector in North Macedonia during the period from Q4 2007 to Q3 2019. Economic growth theory and empirical studies indicate that bank loans to private sector is an important factor of economic growth, which is especially pronounced in countries where the financial system is dominated by banks. For that purpose, we develop a single-country regression analysis with the ARDL model using quarterly data to examine the effect of the identified determinants from both the demand and supply sides. The results show that deposits and bank efficiency have the most significant impact on bank loans to private sector, while non-performing loans negatively affect bank loans growth to private sector

Mango Value Chain Analysis in South West Ethiopia: the Case of Gomma District Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

This study is designed to investigate mango value chain in Gomma district, Southwest Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study are to: identify mango marketing channels, estimate marketing margins and identify factors affecting mango market supply. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation & frequencies and multiple linear regressions have been used. The study identified seven potential mango market channels in the study area. The computed marketing margin among different actors and channels indicated the total gross marketing margin of mango is highest in Channel II, III, VII, IV and followed by Channel V Traders and processors get the highest TGMM which accounted for79.8, 62.6 and 58.6% of consumers’ price. Producers share in consumer price is less than 25% in all channels except in channel I, V and VI. The result from multiple linear regressions model indicates that seven variables from the total of 12 independent variables are significantly affected quantity of mango market supply. Their magnitudes, relationship with quantity of mango market supply and interpretations are given in results and discussion part of the document. Finally, policy recommendation is suggested based on the significant variables. Key words: marketing margin, multiple linear regressions, Mango value chai

Empirical analysis of financial intermediation and economic growth: The case of Macedonian economy

The main goal of the paper is to examine the relationship between the financial sector and economic growth in the Republic of North Macedonia. The Macedonian economy has been facing slow development dynamics and low rates of economic growth for a long period of time. The reasons are certainly multidimensional and identifying them is quite complex. Hence, our task in the paper is to examine the impact of the financial sector on economic growth as one of the factors. First we provide a theoretical model for the analysis of the relationship between the financial sector and economic growth, while in the second part of the paper we use a methodology based on the single-country regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the financial sector measured through the lending activity of banks to private sector and economic growth measured as real GDP growth. Furthermore, we present a comparative analysis of the trend in the level of banking intermediation. The results of the analysis indicate that financial intermediation is a significant factor for the growth of the Macedonian economy through gross investments, which depicts that improving financial intermediation and reducing the interest rate will increase investments and encourage the growth of the Macedonian economy

Empirical analysis of Covid-19 crisis effects on the WB6 region

The main aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of Covid-19 crisis on economic performance of Western Balkan (WB) region as well the current challenges that the region is facing with as a result of the energy crisis. To fulfil this goal, we apply comparative analysis by using key economic indicators for WB6 countries in the period before the crisis (2015-2019) and after the crisis (2020-2021). Actually, the WB6 region has positive economic trends before the Covid-19 crisis, reaching a sustainable growth rate in the medium term of around 4.0%. In the same time, positive trends have been recorded in the field of trade and investments. For illustration, the WB6 export of goods to the world has recorded yearly average growth rate of 10% in the period 2015-2019, while the annual average growth rate of export of services is much higher (12.2%) with significant positive net effect. The investments in the WB6 region has also recorded significant increasing trend in the pre-crisis period of 11.2% annual average growth rate. However, the Covid-19 pandemic significantly slowed down the economic development path of WB6 region. In 2020, the WB6 region was faced with negative average growth rate of -3.1%. The main transition channels of the crisis were through the trade sector, investments (FDIs), as well the final consumption. However, the paper concludes that the negative effects of the Covid-19 crisis on WB6 region was smaller than originally expected and more importantly the region recovers faster in the post Covid-19 period compare with EU countries

マウスモデルを用いたDOHaD検証系の確立：仔の行動表現型、遺伝子発現、ゲノムメチル化に関する網羅的解析

第3回日本DOHaD研究会学術集会　抄録集　【ポスター発表