Neonatal Isolation Stress Inhibits Pre-Weaning Weight Gain and Mild-Stressor Induced Locomotor Activity in Early Adolescent Male and Female Rats

The present study looked at the effects of neonatal isolation, an early life stress experience, in male and female early adolescent rats, an age which is underrepresented in the early stress literature. Four stress-sensitive indices were assessed: weight gain during the pre-weaning period, open field activity, and locomotor activity in response to two mild stressors: exposure to a novel environment, and a single IP saline injection. Rats in the neonatal isolation condition were removed from dam and littermates on postnatal days 2-9 in accord with the procedure used by Kehoe et al. (1995); behavioral testing occurred on PN25-PN30 during the early adolescent period. It was found that neonatally isolated pups weighed less than non-isolate controls on each of three measurement days (PN7, PN14, PN21) throughout the pre-weaning period. Further, neonatal isolation experience consistently reduced horizontal locomotor activity measured in the open field, in a novel environment, and following a single mild acute stressor. On some measures, behavior reflected greater impact of NI in males compared with NI females, suggesting that the effects of NI in early adolescent rats may be sexually dimorphic

An In Vitro Comparison of the Rake Angles Between K3 and ProFile Endodontic File Systems

The purpose of this study was to compare rake angles of the ProFile and K3 file systems. Twenty-five 40/0.06 taper files were obtained for each system. Five files from the same manufacturer were placed perpendicularly into a vial of Epoxicure Resin and left to set for 24 h. The set-ups were removed from the vials and each were sectioned 5 mm from the tip of the files and polished. A photomicrograph was taken of each file with 100× magnification. Five sets of ProFile and five sets of K3 files were processed in this manner. Images were captured digitally, and rake angles of each file were measured. Multivariate ANOVA found a significant difference (p \u3c 0.001) among the three negative rake angles of the ProFile system compared with the K3 system

Biological traits and community patterns of Trichoptera at two Patagonian headwater streams affected by volcanic ash deposition

Background: Sediment deposition constitutes a major disturbance having negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. The Chaitén Volcano eruption occurred on May 2008. As a consequence, broad areas along the Argentine Andes (40° S to 46° S) were covered with ash. This event provided an excellent opportunity to investigate how a natural and exceptional sedimentation episode affects Trichoptera communities. Results: We assessed changes in caddisfly community attributes (composition, density and diversity) and 11 biological traits, by comparing pre-eruption (May 2007 to April 2008) and post-eruption (July 2008 to March 2010) data at two headwater streams. As a consequence of the event, total suspended solids increased and Trichoptera richness and density significantly diminished. By March 2010, two common species of Hydroptilidae (Metrichia patagonica and Metrichia neotropicalis) were no longer recorded at one site; while species richness and density values were still low indicating that the community had not recovered. Scrapers, shredders, and predators were among the most affected functional feeding groups and changes in their relative abundance were tracked in subsequent years after the ashfall event. Conclusions: In this study, species tolerance to sedimentation was related to certain traits such as poorly synchronized life history, filter-feeding habits, rounded body shape, tegument respiration mode, and poorly sclerotized life forms.Fil: Brand, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagonica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "san Juan Bosco". Facultad de Cs.naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagonica; ArgentinaFil: Miserendino, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagonica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "san Juan Bosco". Facultad de Cs.naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagonica; Argentin

Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera biodiversity in central Patagonia, Chubut province, Argentina

Aquatic insects in Central Patagonia (Andean Region), Argentina, have received poor and fragmentary attention. In this paper we present the first preliminary inventory of Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera taxa for the area and include seasonal records of adult stages. We incorporate a set of environmental features for the sampling sites and biotopes as well as the main characteristics of the phytogeographical and biogeographical areas in which the species were found. Twelve species and eight genera of mayflies and eleven species and five genera of stoneflies are recorded for the first time in Chubut province. The stoneflies Neofulla Claassen, Alfonsoperla flinti McLellan & Zwick, Austronemura eudoxiae Froehlich, Chilenoperla semitincta Illies, Neonemura illiesi Zwick and Potamoperla testacea Vera, and the mayflies Andesiops ardua (Lugo-Ortiz & Mc Cafferty), Chaquihua Demoulin and Oniscigastridae are new records for Argentina. Americabaetis Kluge, CamelobaetidiusDemoulin and Traverella Edmunds are confirmed for first time in the Andean Region (Central Patagonia province) and four Plecoptera and two Ephemeroptera species constitute new records for the Patagonian steppe. We also include two new records for Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera for the Santa Cruz province. We reinforce the idea that Patagonian aquatic environments have a highly specialized and complex insect fauna which can be correlated with biogeographical aspects but also with a great environmental heterogeneity.Fil: Pessacq, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ecología y Sistemática Animal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Miserendino, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ecología y Sistemática Animal; Argentin

Environmental Quality and Aquatic Invertebrate Metrics Relationships at Patagonian Wetlands Subjected to Livestock Grazing Pressures

Livestock grazing can compromise the biotic integrity and health of wetlands, especially in remotes areas like Patagonia, which provide habitat for several endemic terrestrial and aquatic species. Understanding the effects of these land use practices on invertebrate communities can help prevent the deterioration of wetlands and provide insights for restoration. In this contribution, we assessed the responses of 36 metrics based on the structural and functional attributes of invertebrates (130 taxa) at 30 Patagonian wetlands that were subject to Different levels of livestock grazing intensity. These levels were categorized as low, medium and high based on eight features (livestock stock densities plus seven wetland measurements). Significant changes in environmental features were detected across the gradient of wetlands, mainly related to pH, conductivity, and nutrient values. Regardless of rainfall gradient, symptoms of eutrophication were remarkable at some highly disturbed sites. Seven invertebrate metrics consistently and accurately responded to livestock grazing on wetlands. All of them were negatively related to increased levels of grazing disturbance,with the number of insect families appearing as the most robust measure. Amultivariate approach (RDA) revealed that invertebrate metrics were significantly affected by environmental variables related to water quality: in particular, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and the richness and coverage of aquatic plants. Our results suggest that the seven aforementioned metrics could be used to assess ecological quality in the arid and semi-arid wetlands of Patagonia, helping to ensure the creation ofprotected areas and their associated ecological servicesFil: Miserendino, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas; ArgentinaFil: Epele, Luis Beltran. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas; Argentin

Temporal dynamic of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands

Ponds are worldwide recognized as biodiversity hotspots, nevertheless in Patagonia are still needed studies that reveal the composition and the status of their communities. This paper analyses the temporal patterns of aquatic invertebrates and assesses the environmental factors that best predict the variation in community structure at three small intermittent ponds, subjected to ranching practices (summer stocking) in the Patagonia steppe. Variables identified as important in structuring community assemblages were related to environmental conditions (rainfall and water temperature), chemical features (conductivity and pH) and biotic factors (macrophyte coverage). During the connected phase only a small number of invertebrate species were present, in contrast to the 11 taxa that were frequent and abundant during isolated period (Eucyclops chilensis, Hyalella curvispina, and Rhionaeschna sp. were the dominant ones). In this sequence the submersed Myriophyllum quitense and Lilaeopsis macloviana played a crucial role offering habitat and food resources. The present study provides valuable information that can contribute to minimize the environmental damage and to develop strategies for the conservation of Patagonian wetlands.Fil: Epele, Luis Beltran. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas; ArgentinaFil: Miserendino, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas; Argentin

Wills—Totten Trusts—Distribution of Balance of Deposit After Invasion by Widow

Application of Halpern, 277 App. Div. 525, 100 N. Y. S. 2d 894 (1st Dep\u27t 1950)

Ocurrencia de especies de Hirudinea en un tramo posturbano de un arroyo patagónico de montaña

Temporal (May 2005 to February 2006) and habitat distribution (pools and riffles) of Hirudinea species was analyzed at a post urban reach from Esquel stream (Chubut province, Patagonia, Argentina). Site was located 5.7 km downstream a Waste Treatment Plant. Mean values of nutrients: ammonia, nitrates and soluble reactive phosphate, as well water conductivity, turbidity and total suspended solids indicated physical and organic pollution. Leeches assemblage was composed by the glossiphonids: Helobdella scutifera Blanchard, 1900, H. michaelseni (Blanchard, 1900),H. simplex (Moore, 1911), Helobdella sp., H. hyalina Ringuelet, 1942, H. obscura Ringuelet, 1942 and the semiscolecid Patagoniobdella variabilis(Blanchard, 1900). From these H. hyalina and H. obscura are new records for Chubut province. Helobdella hyalina (810 ind.m ^-2) and H. simplex(465 ind. m ^-2) clearly dominated the assemblage at the reach. Only H. simplex displayed a spatial preference being significantly more abundant inpools than in riffle habitats.Se analizó la distribución temporal (mayo 2005 a febrero 2006) y espacial (pozones y rápidos) de las especies de hirudíneos en un segmento post urbano del arroyo Esquel (provincia de Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina). El sitio está localizado a 5,7 km aguas abajo de la planta de tratamiento de efluentes cloacales. Los valores promedio de nutrientes: amonio, nitratos y fósforo reactivo soluble, así como la conductividad del agua, turbidez y el total de sólidos suspendidos indican contaminación física y orgánica. Las especies de hirudíneos halladas fueron Glossiphoniidae: Helobdella scutifera Blanchard, 1900, H. michaelseni (Blanchard, 1900), H. simplex (Moore, 1911), Helobdella sp., H. hyalina Ringuelet, 1942 and H. obscura Ringuelet, 1942 y Semiscolecidae: Patagoniobdella variabilis (Blanchard, 1900) . Helobdella hyalina and H. obscura representan nuevos registros para la provincia de Chubut. Helobdella hyalina (810 ind. m ^-2 ) y H. simplex (465 ind. m ^-2 ) fueron las especies claramente dominantes. Sólo H. simplex presentó una preferencia espacial siendo significativamente más abundante en los pozones que en los rápidos (p<0.001). El reclutamiento de las especies se observó principalmente en septiembre, diciembre y mayo donde los juveniles fueron muy abundantes. Aunque varias especies de Helobdella se registraron en este sector contaminado del arroyo, sólo H. simplex and H. hyalina presentaron poblaciones importantes y pueden ser consideradas como tolerantes al enriquecimiento orgánico. Esta información es de valor para futuros estudios sobre evaluación de calidad de los arroyos en áreas montañosas de la Patagonia y para otros donde estas especies están presentes.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse