Determinants of seasonal changes in streamwater chemistry in small catchments with different land use : case study from Poland's Carpathian Foothills

Our paper aims at identifying factors that determine seasonal changes in streamwater chemistry in three catchments with different land use (woodland, agricultural, mixed-use) in the Carpathian Foothills in southern Poland. The study involved weekly and biweekly water sampling in the 2003 and 2004 hydrological years and the analysis of specific conductivity (SC), pH, main ions, and nutrients. R-mode factor analysis was used to identify four factors: (i) streamflow, (ii) climate seasonality, (iii) water circulation, and (iv) nitrification processes. Despite the fact that the same environmental factors were identified in all three catchments, some factors produce a different type of ion response in different types of catchments. The streamflow factor produces the same changes in geologically controlled parameters (SC, main ions) in all catchments but different changes in nutrient concentrations in the woodland and agricultural catchments. In the woodland catchment, nutrients come primarily from diffuse sources (soil flushing), while in the agricultural catchment, nutrients come primarily from point sources (sewage) as result of unregulated wastewater management. The climate factor primarily controls the concentrations of nutrients. High temperatures during the vegetation season usually correlate with increases in nutrient concentrations, especially that of PO^{3-}_{4}. This atypical phenomenon is seldom reported in the literature, especially in relation to woodland catchments. The third factor is associated with water circulation in the catchment under different hydrological conditions – during flood events and during low-flow periods. The fourth factor is most likely associated with nitrification processes

Jaspersowska wizja psychoterapii

The article is a commentary to Karl Jasper’s Allgemeine Psychopatologie, one of the significant treatises in the history of psychiatry. The method of psychotherapy Jaspers preferred is deeply rooted in the enlightening therapy which is greatly overestimated, although it undoubtedly can play a significant role in the psychiatrist practice. It postulates that the ultimate goal of the therapy is not only removing the causes of suffering from the layers of memory and subconsciousness, but also the skilled help in building by the patient his own outlook on life which is closest to his enlightening of the existence.Artykuł ten jest komentarzem do Allgemeine Psychopatologie Karla Jaspersa, jednej z najważniejszych rozpraw w historii psychiatrii. Metoda psychoterapii którą preferował Jaspers jest głęboko zakorzeniona w terapii uświadamiającej, która jest wielce przeceniana, choć niewątpliwie może ona odgrywać znaczącą rolę w praktyce psychiatrycznej. Zgodnie z tą metodą ostatecznym celem terapii jest nie tylko usunięcie przyczyn cierpienia z warstwy pamięci i podświadomości, ale także fachowa pomoc w budowaniu przez pacjenta jego własnego poglądu na życie, co jest najbliższe uświadomieniu sobie przez niego swojej egzystencji