The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VI, Issue 15

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VI, Issue 16

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VI, Issue 20

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VI, Issue 20

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VII, Issue 4

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume VII, Issue 8

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

Duration and frequency of non‐flow periods affect the abundance and diversity of stream meiofauna

Majdi N, Colls M, Weiss L, Acuña V, Sabater S, Traunspurger W. Duration and frequency of non‐flow periods affect the abundance and diversity of stream meiofauna. Freshwater Biology. 2020;65(11):1906-1922.Abstract Intermittent streams (IS) comprise a large proportion of the drainage network in many parts of the world. The non‐flow period of IS are known to impact stream biota because aquatic habitats dry out. However, less well understood are the relative effects of the temporal component of these drying events including their duration and frequency. Here, we characterised effects of temporal component of drying events on abundant and species‐rich meiofauna. The effects were assessed in 22 streams in the north‐eastern Iberian Peninsula. The duration and frequency of non‐flow events was characterized over a period of 250 days prior to sampling the sediment‐dwelling meiofauna in riffle zones that completely dried out. Overall, meiofauna abundances were amongst the highest ever reported for streambeds. Most meiofaunal taxa correlated positively with the frequency of drying events and correlated positively with the length of dry periods recorded shortly before sampling, suggesting that the community was able to recover quickly. Tardigrades were the only group to correlate positively with the longest dry periods, suggesting that they had the best resilience capabilities in streams that had experienced the longest droughts. On average, nematodes made up half of the meiofauna. We identified a total of 113 different nematode species. The nematode community was more taxonomically diverse in IS, with a smaller proportion of bacterivores and a higher proportion of fungivore species such as Filenchus vulgaris. Thereby resembling the trophic structure commonly observed in soil ecosystems. Our results show that most meiofauna were positively influenced by drying disturbance, that is being able to quickly recover after them. This suggests outstanding resilience capabilities, and points out meiofaunal organisms as key players for kick‐starting stream food webs and functions once flow returns

Derechos laborales y de seguridad social de las trabajadoras y los trabajadores sexuales en Night clubes y casas de cita en Estelí

El presente trabajo de investigación contiene información referida a la necesidad de reglamentar el trabajo sexual en Nicaragua con base en los Derechos Humanos. Los motivos principales de la investigación, ya que se pudo observar que las y los Trabajadores Sexuales Comerciales (TSC) se encuentra desamparado de la legislación Nicaragüense, el tema seleccionado se puede resumir en el ejercicio de las trabajadoras sexuales no está regulado de manera general, Por otra parte, la prostitución o Trabajo Sexual Comercial (TSC) está relacionada con el desarrollo de la sociedad misma, y esto Más frecuente en la ciudad que en el campo y entre las mujeres que entre los varones. El trabajo sexual es una actividad a la que se ven forzadas mujeres, varones e incluso niños y niñas debido a diversos factores. La situación general de este sector de la 5 población urbana reviste tintes dramáticos por las peculiares condiciones en que se desarrolla. Para ello, se eligió como campo de acción la ciudad Estelí, particularmente los puntos donde se efectúa el comercio sexual (gasolineras, parques, establecimientos, Bares, Night club etc.) y las instituciones que atienden este tipo de problemáticas (Centro de Salud, Policía, SILAIS, Ministerio de Salud y otros se encuentran total mente distanciados de esta Trabajadoras Sexuales asiendo a un lado sus Derechos Humanos). Así, se pudo identificar que la falta de organización y cohesión de este grupo (particularmente la falta de cohesión) impide que sus demandas sean atendidas en forma efectiva por las autoridades y la sociedad civil. Otro de los problemas detectados fue la percepción que la sociedad tiene de las personas que ejercen el trabajo sexual. Los abusos de las autoridades, particularmente policiales, encuentran de esta manera un aliciente más para la determinación de la problemática exclusiva de las instituciones del estado como de la comunidad civil en contra de las trabajadoras sexuales. en cuanto concretizamos que estamos inmersos en una sociedad, donde las autoridades que representan al Estado y la misma población no reconocen el derecho laboral de estas mujeres, esto fue afirmado tanto por las mismas instituciones como por las protagonistas de este trabajo, ya que en las entrevistas realizadas como técnicas recopilación de información así lo demostraron, solo nos queda hacer la conciencia a todos los actores y actoras que velan por la defensa de los derechos humanos

Neural processing associated with cognitive empathy in pedophilia and child sexual offending

Behavioral studies found evidence for superior cognitive empathy (CE) in pedophilic men without a history of child sexual offending (P - CSO) compared to pedophilic men with a history of child sexual offending (P + CSO). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies also point to differences between P - CSO and P + CSO. Neural processing associated with CE has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the neural correlates of CE in subjects with pedophilia with (P + CSO) and without (P - CSO) child sexual offending. 15 P + CSO, 15 P - CSO and 24 teleiophilic male controls (TC) performed a CE task during fMRI. We observed reduced activation in the left precuneus (Pcu) and increased activation in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in P - CSO compared to P + CSO. P - CSO also showed stronger connectivity between these regions, which might reflect a top-down modulation of the Pcu by the ACC toward an increased self-focused emotional reaction in social situations. There was also evidence for increased right superior temporal gyrus activation in P - CSO that might constitute a potentially compensatory recruitment due to the dampened Pcu activation. These findings provide first evidence for altered neural processing of CE in P - CSO and underline the importance of addressing CE in pedophilia and CSO in order to uncover processes relevant to effective prevention of child sexual abuse

A multimodal neuroimaging classifier for alcohol dependence

With progress in magnetic resonance imaging technology and a broader dissemination of state-of-the-art imaging facilities, the acquisition of multiple neuroimaging modalities is becoming increasingly feasible. One particular hope associated with multimodal neuroimaging is the development of reliable data-driven diagnostic classifiers for psychiatric disorders, yet previous studies have often failed to find a benefit of combining multiple modalities. As a psychiatric disorder with established neurobiological effects at several levels of description, alcohol dependence is particularly well-suited for multimodal classification. To this aim, we developed a multimodal classification scheme and applied it to a rich neuroimaging battery (structural, functional task-based and functional resting-state data) collected in a matched sample of alcohol-dependent patients (N = 119) and controls (N = 97). We found that our classification scheme yielded 79.3% diagnostic accuracy, which outperformed the strongest individual modality - grey-matter density - by 2.7%. We found that this moderate benefit of multimodal classification depended on a number of critical design choices: a procedure to select optimal modality-specific classifiers, a fine-grained ensemble prediction based on cross-modal weight matrices and continuous classifier decision values. We conclude that the combination of multiple neuroimaging modalities is able to moderately improve the accuracy of machine-learning-based diagnostic classification in alcohol dependence