Aixola urtegian zentral hidroelektriko baten bideragarritasun ikasketa

Hurrengo dokumentuan Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Ingeniaritza Zibileko Gradu Amaierako Lan bat aurkezten da. Lan honetan Aixola urtegian zentral hidroelektriko bat eraikitzearen bideragarritasun ikasketa egin da. Ikasketa hau energiaren ikuspuntutik egin da eta bideragarritasuna teknikoki, ekonomikoki eta ingurumenarekiko aztertu da

Waterborne Acrylic/CeO2 Nanocomposites for UV Blocking Clear Coats

The encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles into polymer particles opens the door to countless applications taking advantage of the properties of both phases. In this chapter the UV absorbing capacity of CeO2 nanoparticles and the film forming capacity of acrylic polymers are combined. A synthetic route to produce waterborne acrylic/CeO2 hybrid nanocomposites for UV absorbing coatings applications is presented. This strategy leads to encapsulated morphology of the CeO2 nanoparticles into the polymer particles and therefore to the lack of agglomeration during film formation. A mathematical model developed for inorganic/organic hybrid systems is able to explain the morphology evolution from the initial monomer droplet to the polymer particles. The films cast from these latexes are transparent and show excellent UV absorption that increases with the amount of cerium oxide nanoparticles in the hybrid latex. Finally, the photoactivity behavior that the CeO2 nanoparticles may have on the polymeric matrix is studied, discarding additional effects on the acrylic polymer matrix

Chapter Waterborne Acrylic/CeO2 Nanocomposites for UV Blocking Clear Coats

The encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles into polymer particles opens the door to countless applications taking advantage of the properties of both phases. In this chapter the UV absorbing capacity of CeO2 nanoparticles and the film forming capacity of acrylic polymers are combined. A synthetic route to produce waterborne acrylic/CeO2 hybrid nanocomposites for UV absorbing coatings applications is presented. This strategy leads to encapsulated morphology of the CeO2 nanoparticles into the polymer particles and therefore to the lack of agglomeration during film formation. A mathematical model developed for inorganic/organic hybrid systems is able to explain the morphology evolution from the initial monomer droplet to the polymer particles. The films cast from these latexes are transparent and show excellent UV absorption that increases with the amount of cerium oxide nanoparticles in the hybrid latex. Finally, the photoactivity behavior that the CeO2 nanoparticles may have on the polymeric matrix is studied, discarding additional effects on the acrylic polymer matrix

Aixola urtegian zentral hidroelektriko baten bideragarritasun ikasketa

Hurrengo dokumentuan Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Ingeniaritza Zibileko Gradu Amaierako Lan bat aurkezten da. Lan honetan Aixola urtegian zentral hidroelektriko bat eraikitzearen bideragarritasun ikasketa egin da. Ikasketa hau energiaren ikuspuntutik egin da eta bideragarritasuna teknikoki, ekonomikoki eta ingurumenarekiko aztertu da

Proyecto de Real Decreto de creación, reconocimiento y acreditación de Universidades y centros universitarios

El Borrador del RD que aquí se presenta tiene como objeto “la regulación básica de los requisitos de creación y reconocimiento de Universidades y Centros universitarios públicos y privados, y el procedimiento para la autorización del inicio de sus actividades” (art. 1). Viene a sustituir el RD 557/1991, de 12 de abril, “sobre creación y reconocimiento de Universidades y Centros universitarios” y a completar las leyes orgánicas, LO 6/2001, y su posterior modificación, LO 4/2007, en la primera de las cuales, en el art. 4.3., se recoge el objeto de aquel RD, acompañado de una referencia expresa a la calidad de la universidad en su totalidad: “Para garantizar la calidad de la docencia e investigación y, en general, del conjunto del sistema universitario, el Gobierno, previo informe del Consejo de Coordinación Universitaria, determinará, con carácter general, los requisitos básicos para la creación y reconocimiento de las Universidades. Los mencionados requisitos contemplarán los medios y recursos adecuados para el cumplimiento por las Universidades de las funciones a que se refiere el apartado 2 del artículo 1”. El Borrador no cita el texto consolidado en la última modificación del 3 de febrero de 2015, obviamente, porque es posterior a la redacción del Borrador. Asimismo regula la acreditación institucional de centros universitarios, modificando el RD 1393/2007

Towards improved performance of waterborne polymer dispersions through creation of dense ionic interparticle network within their films

To overcome the main challenge of low performance of the waterborne polymer coatings due to the particulate nature of the polymer dispersions and the complex film formation process, in this work we implemented the strategy of ionic complexation between oppositely charged waterborne polymer particles. For that aim, doubled charged ionic monomers ithaconic acid (IA) and styrenic 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) were used to densely functionalize (meth)acrylic film forming polymer particles, synthesized by seeded semi-batch emulsion polymerization to produce high solids content anionically and cationically charged polymer dispersions, respectively. The main advantage of the double charges in the selected ionic monomers is that they provide high ionic charge density onto charged particles at lower content of ionic monomers. The blending of these oppositely, densely charged and concentrated dispersions resulted in instantaneous coagulation. To postpone the immediate complexation, water-soluble non-ionic polymeric stabilizing species as steric obstacles around the colloids were employed, which allowed to prepare colloidally stable blends and to prepare ionic complexed films. Certainly, the established ionic complexes between carboxylic acids of IA anionic monomer and quaternary ammonium groups of DABCO units within the films improved substantially the mechanical properties and the water sensitivity of the ionic complexed polymeric films with respect to individual films and the reference blend, in which ionic bonding was prevented by pH control. Moreover, the dense ionic network formed within the film actuated as a strong barrier to the leakage of all the water-soluble species during film immersion in water. Beside simple strategy towards improved performance of waterborne coatings, these results offer further extension of their application potential.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Industrial Liaison Program in Polymerization in Dispersed Media (Akzo Nobel, Allnex, Arkema, Asian Paints, BASF, Covestro, Elix Polymers, Inovyn, Organik Kimya, Sherwin Williams, Stahl, Synthomer, Tesa, Vinavil, and Wacker) and the Sgiker Services of the University of the Basque Country

Proyecto de turismo rural y termal en el partido de Adolfo Alsina : Caso: Estancia La Dulce -emprendimiento familiar-

El tema general de esta tesis se enmarca en el turismo rural y turismo termal. Se analizan estas modalidades turísticas a fin de observar si es viable la puesta en marcha del proyecto “Día rural en la Estancia La Dulce y baños termales” como emprendimiento familiar. Dicho establecimiento se presenta como un destino único debido a sus características naturales, culturales y paisajísticas. Reflexionando acerca de la región y las características distintivas de la Estancia La Dulce, surgen interrogantes como: - ¿Representa La Dulce un destino innovador teniendo en cuenta sus particularidades geográficas y naturales? - ¿Es posible que el desarrollo de dicho proyecto logre satisfacer deseos y necesidades de un perfil de turistas especifico? - ¿Es viable el desarrollo de un proyecto rural gestionado por la familia propietaria? La investigación estuvo basada por un lado en el análisis de la recopilación de información sobre turismo rural - termal y datos específicos sobre Carhué (pueblo cercano a la Estancia). En segundo lugar, se llevo a cabo el análisis de datos recabados a través de encuestas realizadas a turistas que visitan dicha localidad con el objetivo de indagar sobre su opinión sobre la puesta en marcha del proyecto. En segundo lugar, se estudiaron los factores que influyen en el desempeño de las empresas familiares, haciendo hincapié en las ventajas, desventajas y desafíos que las mismas presentan a la hora de llevar adelante un negocio. Por último, considerando como guía a la caracterización de la demanda de Carhué, los gustos y necesidades de los turistas actuales y por último pero no menos relevante los competidores actuales de la región, se plantearon recomendaciones para apuntar al éxito en el desarrollo del proyecto. Si bien hay antecedentes de la explotación turística en años anteriores por sus propietarios, en este trabajo de investigación se busca analizar si este proyecto tiene potencial y promete beneficios no sólo para los turistas que lo visiten sino para los dueños del establecimiento.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Ionic Inter-Particle Complexation Effect on the Performance of Waterborne Coatings

The performance of waterborne (meth)acrylic coatings is critically affected by the film formation process, in which the individual polymer particles must join to form a continuous film. Consequently, the waterborne polymers present lower performance than their solvent-borne counter-polymers. To decrease this effect, in this work, ionic complexation between oppositely charged polymer particles was introduced and its effect on the performance of waterborne polymer films was studied. The (meth)acrylic particles were charged by the addition of a small amount of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Density functional theory calculations showed that the interaction between the selected main charges of the respective functional monomers (sulfonate–amine) is favored against the interactions with their counter ions (sulfonate–Na and amine–H). To induce ionic complexation, the oppositely charged latexes were blended, either based on the same number of charges or the same number of particles. The performance of the ionic complexed coatings was determined by means of tensile tests and water uptake measurements. The ionic complexed films were compared with reference films obtained at pH at which the cationic charges were in neutral form. The mechanical resistance was raised slightly by ionic bonding between particles, producing much more flexible films, whereas the water penetration within the polymeric films was considerably hindered. By exploring the process of polymer chains interdiffusion using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis, it was found that the ionic complexation was established between the particles, which reduced significantly the interdiffusion process of polymer chains. The presented ionic complexes of sulfonate–amine functionalized particles open a promising approach for reinforcing waterborne coatings.This research was funded by the Industrial Liaison Program in Polymerization in Dispersed Media (3M, Akzo Nobel, Allnex, Arkema, Asian Paints, BASF, DSM, Inovyn, Stahl, Synthomer, Vinavil, and Wacker)

Characterization of grafting properties of ABS latexes: ATR-FTIR vs NMR spectroscopy

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) polymers have a complex microstructure which is formed during the grafting reaction of a polybutadiene seed latex. During the reaction, some styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) chains are grafted onto the polybutadiene (PB) backbone chains, and this grafting is critical to achieve effective dispersion and compatibility of both phases. Therefore, accurate characterization of grafting properties helps understanding the polymerization mechanism as well as the final properties of the ABS polymer and its applications properties. In this work, the grafting properties of ABS latexes were determined by separation of the soluble and insoluble phase of the polymer, followed by the characterization of these phases using analytical techniques. Phase sep-aration was carried out dispersing the latex in acetone followed by ultracentrifugation. The soluble and insoluble polymer phases were for the first time analysed by NMR spectroscopy to obtain the corresponding fractions of SAN and PB in each phase. The soluble fraction was analysed by liquid-state H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, whereas the insoluble fraction was analysed by solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. More -over, both phases were analysed by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the results obtained are compared and discussed in this article. We found that the most accurate grafting properties are achieved by analysing the composition of the soluble and insoluble fraction by NMR spectroscopy.Financial support from the company Elix Polymers, S.A. is gratefully acknowledged. Technical and human support provided by I. Razkin and Prof. L. Irusta (POLYMAT, UPV/EHU) for ATR-FTIR facilities and for the analysis and discussion are gratefully acknowledged. The author also thank for technical and human support provided by SGiker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU) , especially to Dr. J.I. Santos and Dr. J.I. Miranda for NMR facilities and for analysis and critical discussion

Synthesis of waterborne degradable polyester nanoparticles

Waterborne degradable nanoparticles are of interest for many applications, such as drug delivery, temporary coatings or adhesives. The aim of this project is to achieve degradability of waterborne polymeric adhesive dispersions by introducing polyesters in the polymer particles due to their simple decomposition through hydrolysis. Two approaches were followed to introduce polyesters into the polymer matrix. On the one hand the usage of acrylated oligoesters as macromonomers to form degradable side chains and on the other hand the usage of diacrylated oligoesters as crosslinker for degradability in the crosslinking points of the polymeric network (Figure 1). Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract