94 research outputs found
ELABORATING INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS WITH EXPERTS USING A MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION TOOL. THE CASE OF SOIL BORNE DISEASE CONTROL IN MARKETGARDENING CROPPING SYSTEMS
International audienceMarket-gardening cropping systems in protected cultivation are very sensitive to soil-borne pests and diseases. Their productivity used to rely on pesticides, but alternative systems have now to be found for environmental, societal and health reasons. Many cultural techniques are known to provide some control of soilborne diseases, but are only partially efficient. The aim of the project is to design alternative systems with professionals, by improving the efficiency of the present techniques and/or imagining more innovative systems. The research project takes place in two steps. The first one consists in building a tool to assess the resistance or resilience of a given cropping system to soil-borne pests; the second one consists in using the tool with professionals in order to build alternative cropping and farming systems in cooperation. The model built for evaluation is a qualitative multicriteria tool. As scientific knowledge is not available for each technique or combination of techniques, empirical knowledge collected from growers and technical advisers is used to fill the gaps. The model is already built for root-knot nematodes and under construction for the other fungi. The second step will consist in using the tool with technical advisers and growers to redesign cropping systems and select the promising ones that should be put into trial in R&D stations. Co-building farming systems with stakeholders appears as an absolute necessity, to imagine solutions both efficient and acceptable for growers. The presentation will enable to discuss how combining expert and scientific knowledge may not only fill the knowledge gap, but also enable to build innovative solutions thanks to the diversity of experts' standpoints
L'Ă©cologisation des pratiques en arboriculture et maraichage. Enjeux et perspectives de recherches
Les systĂšmes horticoles (arboriculture et maraĂźchage) sont parmi les plus intensifs en main d'oeuvre et en intrants ; la production conventionnelle repose sur un usage intense des produits phytosanitaires, pour satisfaire les critĂšres d'accĂšs aux circuits commerciaux des grandes et moyennes surfaces, et en particulier le « zĂ©ro dĂ©faut visuel ». Le secteur des fruits et lĂ©gumes est extrĂȘmement concurrentiel du fait de la faible part des aides (europĂ©ennes, nationales) et souffre d'une forte distorsion des coĂ»ts de production entre Ă©tats membres. Ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, la problĂ©matique de l'Ă©cologisation de l'agriculture, pour une meilleure prĂ©servation de l'environnement mais aussi de la santĂ© des consommateurs, a particuliĂšrement accru la pression sur le secteur des fruits et lĂ©gumes, notamment Ă travers le lancement du programme Ecophyto 2018 qui vise Ă rĂ©duire de 50% les intrants chimiques Ă horizon 2018, ou encore avec les incitations au dĂ©veloppement de l'agriculture biologique. Mais l' Ă©cologisation des systĂšmes horticoles est particuliĂšrement contrainte sur un plan technique et
Ă©conomique. Il s'agit en effet de trouver des systĂšmes alternatifs qui soient Ă la fois performants sur le plan agronomique et Ă©cologique, mais aussi Ă©conomiquement et socialement acceptables.
Sur la base de plusieurs travaux de recherche en sciences techniques et sciences sociales réalisés à l'unité Ecodéveloppement de l'INRA depuis une dizaine d'années, nous proposons une analyse des enjeux et des perspectives d'écologisation despratiques dans ces systÚmes.
Nous développerons dans cet article trois thÚmes principaux : les performances que doivent viser les nouveaux systÚmes écologisés, les moyens d'action et les leviers à mobiliser pour les concevoir, et les dispositifs d'acteurs dans lesquels s'insÚre la recherche de nouveaux systÚmes.
à ces trois questions, nous apportons des éléments de réponse appuyés par des exemples concrets issus de nos travaux en arboriculture et en maraßchage, en production intégrée ou en agriculture biologique
La production fruitiÚre intégrée en France : le vert est-il dans le fruit ?
International audienceAvec la mise en place de la nouvelle Organisation commune de marchĂ© (OCM) des fruits et lĂ©gumes en 1996 (RĂšglement CE n°2200/96), la production fruitiĂšre a Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©e Ă une double Ă©volution. Dâun cĂŽtĂ©, la politique europĂ©enne se donne pour objectif de structurer lâoffre. Elle institue les Organisations de producteurs, agents Ă©conomiques (coopĂ©ratives ou entreprises privĂ©es), quâelle dote de moyens financiers afin dâinciter les arboriculteurs Ă concentrer les volumes mis en marchĂ© et Ă mieux prendre en compte les prĂ©occupations en matiĂšre de santĂ©, de qualitĂ© des produits et de protection de lâenvironnement. Un engagement contractuel, le programme opĂ©rationnel, se substitue Ă lâintervention publique sur lâoffre au moyen de subventions au retrait de produits du marchĂ©. De lâautre, la libĂ©ralisation des marchĂ©s agricoles sâaccompagne dâune prolifĂ©ration de cahiers des charges, Ă lâinitiative soit des producteurs, soit des metteurs en marchĂ© ou de la grande distribution qui devient un acteur majeur dans la commercialisation des fruits et lĂ©gumes frais. La plupart de ces dĂ©marches se rĂ©clament du concept de Production fruitiĂšre intĂ©grĂ©e (PFI) dĂ©fini par lâOrganisation internationale de lutte biologique (OILB) comme « un systĂšme de production Ă©conomique de fruits de haute qualitĂ© donnant la prioritĂ© aux mĂ©thodes Ă©cologiquement plus sĂ»res, minimisant les effets secondaires indĂ©sirables et lâutilisation de produits agrochimiques, afin dâamĂ©liorer la protection de lâenvironnement et la santĂ© humaine » (OILB/SROP, 1997). La PFI se prĂ©sente donc comme une qualification dâun genre nouveau en agriculture qui associe Ă lâobjectif, classique, de qualitĂ© commerciale des fruits, un objectif de qualitĂ© Ă©cologique de leur mode de production. Elle met ainsi en relation, et en tension, plusieurs registres dâĂ©valuation des pratiques des arboriculteurs (Codron et al., 2003)
LâĂ©cologisation des pratiques en arboriculture et maraĂźchage. Enjeux et perspectives de recherches
LâĂ©cologisation des systĂšmes arboricoles et maraĂźchers est une nĂ©cessitĂ© en termes de prĂ©servation de lâenvironnement mais elle est particuliĂšrement contrainte sur un plan technique et Ă©conomique. Sur la base dâun ensemble de travaux de recherche rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă lâUnitĂ© EcodĂ©veloppement depuis une dizaine dâannĂ©es, nous proposons une analyse des enjeux et des perspectives dâĂ©cologisation des pratiques afin dâidentifier des voies de transition vers des systĂšmes horticoles Ă©cologisĂ©s. Cette analyse sâarticule autour de trois questions : (1) lâanalyse multidimensionnelle des performances (agronomiques, Ă©cologiques, Ă©conomiques, sociales) que doivent atteindre les systĂšmes Ă©cologisĂ©s ; (2) les leviers techniques quâil est possible de mobiliser pour concevoir ces systĂšmes ; (3) les types de transitions et les dispositifs dâacteurs Ă lâoeuvre. Lâarticle sâappuie notamment sur le cadre conceptuel Efficience â Substitution- Reconception et vise une montĂ©e en gĂ©nĂ©ricitĂ© par la comparaison de diffĂ©rents terrains en arboriculture et maraĂźchage, et de diffĂ©rents points de vue dâagronomes, dâĂ©conomistes et de sociologues
Diversity of experimentation by farmers engaged in agroecology
International audienceAbstractAgroecology questions the production of generic knowledge. Rather than searching for the best practices for large-scale transfer, it would be more efficient to help farmers find their own solutions. A promising activity for farmers is experimentation because it answers their needs and helps them learn. However, how agroecological practices are tested by farmers in their own experiments is still poorly known. In this study, we examined the short-term experimental activity, i.e., experiments carried out at a yearly scale in pre-defined fields. Seventeen farmers in south eastern France were surveyed. The farmers practiced conventional or organic farming and cultivated either arable or market garden crops. Experiments on agroecological practices were characterized, located along a timeline, and discussed with them. To conduct the interviews with the farmers, each experiment was described in three stages: (1) designing the experiment, (2) managing it in real time, and (3) evaluating the results of the experiment. The data collected in the interviews were first analyzed to build a descriptive framework of farmersâ experiments, after which hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze the diversity of the farmersâ experiments. Here, we propose for the first time a generic framework to describe farmersâ experiments at a short time scale based on the consistency between the Design, Management, and Evaluation stages. We used the framework to characterize the diversity of farmersâ experiments and identified four clusters. The originality of this work is both building a descriptive framework resulting from in-depth analyses of farmersâ discourse and using statistical tools to identify and interpret the groups of experiments. Our results provide a better understanding of farmersâ experiments and suggest tools and methods to help them experiment, a major challenge in the promotion of a large-scale agroecological transition
Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia
In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old
Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats
In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Developmentâs (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security
Hétérogénéité dans des populations de tomate sous serre et répercussions sur la conduite technique. I. Effets de l'hétérogénéité sur la production de tomate
National audienceExperiments were set up to characterise the heterogeneity of individual vegetative states within a greenhouse soilless tomato crop, and to study its effects on yield. The heterogeneity of the planting date, for individuals sown at the same date, enabled us to create 2 types of plants. The âweakâ and the âvigorousâ types differ in the development rate, the weight of vegetative part, and the diameter of stem. Thus, their yield is different (number of fruit and mean fruit weight). The differences between the types persist throughout the crop cycle. In a heterogeneous population (ie vigorous and weak types mixed), the vegetative growth of weak plants is much smaller than that of the same plants in a homogeneous population. On the contrary, vigorous plants have a larger growth than in a homogeneous population. These results show a strong interplant competition. Within the range of studied cases, heterogeneity has no effect on yield per area because of the compensating phenomenon between vigorous and weak types. On the contrary, heterogeneity reduces the quality of the production, because the fruit grade distribution is more scattered than in a homogeneous population.Lâobjectif de ce travail est de caractĂ©riser les effets de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© dâĂ©tat vĂ©gĂ©tatif Ă lâintĂ©rieur dâune population de tomate sous serre sur la production, en comparant des populations homogĂšnes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Les 2 types de plantes obtenus en faisant varier lâĂąge Ă la plantation diffĂšrent par la vitesse de dĂ©veloppement, la masse de lâappareil vĂ©gĂ©tatif et le diamĂštre de la tige, ainsi que par leur mode dâĂ©laboration du rendement. Les diffĂ©rences persistent pendant quasiment toute la culture, ce qui permet de dĂ©finir un type de plantes «vigoureuses» et un type de plantes «faibles». Dans les populations hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes formĂ©es de lâalternance des 2 types, le type «faible» a une croissance vĂ©gĂ©tative rĂ©duite par rapport Ă ce mĂȘme type en population homogĂšne. Au contraire, le type «vigoureux» a, dans une population hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne, une croissance supĂ©rieure. Ces rĂ©sultats mettent en Ă©vidence une forte compĂ©tition entre plantes. Le rendement par unitĂ© de surface est identique dans les populations homogĂšne et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne. En revanche, lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© rĂ©duit la qualitĂ© de la production, notamment parce quâelle augmente la dispersion du calibre des fruits
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