Diferenciación social y normativa en modelos de análisis de políticas públicas

Del mismo modo que en las políticas públicas son reconocibles presupuestos que les dan forma a las mismas, como lo son, entre otros, la comprensión de los procesos de diferenciación social y normativa en sociedades modernas, otro tanto puede decirse de los  modelos de análisis de políticas. La hipótesis de base del artículo es que en los modelos clásicos de análisis de políticas públicas (modelo racional, modelo institucional, modelo incremental, modelo de elección pública, modelo de grupos y modelo de élites), predominan dos figuras de policymakers: la del ‘actor omnisciente’ y la del ‘tutor moral’ de la sociedad (Jobert, 2004). La primera, reflejo de una visión jerárquica o monocéntrica de sociedad. La segunda, reflejo de un tipo de normatividad convencional. Ambas figuras estarían teóricamente vinculadas a través de la homología entre formas de diferenciación social (Luhmann) y formas de diferenciación normativa (Habermas): la primera, ligada a una forma de diferenciación social estamental y, la segunda, a un estadio de normatividad convencional. A partir del análisis de los modelos referidos y del modelo de articulación propuesto entre diferenciación social y normativa, se levanta el desafío de pensar políticas y modelos de análisis de políticas públicas que, en su comprensión de los procesos de diferenciación social y normativa, reflejen simultáneamente el carácter crecientemente heterárquico o policéntrico de sociedades modernas y la creciente demanda de una normatividad de tipo postconvencional, acorde al aumento de diversidad normativa en los múltiples actores del proceso de las políticas

Halogen Bonds Stabilised by an Electronic Exchange Channel

The σ-hole is an important concept which has been widely used lately to describe the halogen bond (XB) essentially as electrostatic in nature. However, this idea is not free of controversy. For the sake of this work, localised molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (LMOEDA), interacting quantum atom (IQA) method and analysis of the electrostatic potential have been applied to O−Cl⋅⋅⋅B (B=CO, PH3, SH2, CS, NH3, OH−) complexes. The results show that in their equilibrium geometry the stabilizing effect that arises from the Pauli exclusion principle is larger in magnitude than the electrostatic interactions. Besides, it appears that an electronic exchange channel is established at a certain approach distance between the monomers.Fil: Miranda, Matias Orlando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Duarte, Darío Jorge Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino; Argentin

Conjunto de 400 figuras padronizadas para o português: normas de nomeação, familiaridade e complexidade visual para crianças e adultos

The present article provides normative measures for 400 pictured objects (Cycowicz et al., 1997) viewed by Portuguese speaking Brazilian University students and 5-7 year-old children. Name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity ratings were obtained. These variables have been shown to be important for the selection of adequate stimuli for cognitive studies. Children's name agreement was lower than that of adults. The children also failed to provide adequate modal names for 103 concepts, rated drawings as less familiar and less complex, and chose shorter names for pictures. The differences in ratings between adults and children were higher than those observed in the literature employing smaller picture sets. The pattern of correlations among measures observed in the present study was consistent with previous reports, supporting the usefulness of the 400 picture set as a tool for cognitive research in different cultures and ages.Este artigo fornece dados normativos para o Brasil de um conjunto de 400 figuras de objetos (Cycowicz et al., 1997) avaliados por estudantes universitários e crianças de 5-7 anos. Foram obtidos dados referentes à consistência de nomeação, familiaridade com os objetos representados e complexidade visual dos desenhos. Existem evidências de que essas variáveis são importantes para a adequada seleção de estímulos para estudos cognitivos. A consistência de nomeação das crianças foi menor que a dos adultos. Em relação aos adultos, as crianças não conseguiram nomear adequadamente 103 conceitos, avaliaram os desenhos como sendo menos familiares e menos complexos e escolheram nomes mais curtos para as figuras. As diferenças nas avaliações entre adultos e crianças foram mais altas que as observadas na literatura que envolveu conjuntos menores de desenhos. O padrão de correlações entre medidas observadas no presente trabalho são consistentes com relatos anteriores, o que dá suporte à utilidade desse conjunto de 400 figuras como ferramenta para pesquisas cognitivas em diferentes culturas e faixas etárias.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of PsychobiologyUNIFESP, Department of PsychobiologySciEL

A padronização brasileira para um conjunto de figuras é comparável à obtida internacionalmente

Snodgrass & Vanderwart (1980) standardized a set of 260 pictures in the USA for use in studies of cognitive processes that employ pictured objects as laboratory analogues of object themselves. Since then similar norms for this set were obtained in Britain, Spain, Japan and Iceland and a larger set of 400 pictures (including the original 260: Cycowicz et al., 1997) was studied in France and Brazil. The present article provides a comparison of the norms obtained in Brazil and internationally. The pattern of correlations among the Brazilian and other standardizations were equivalent to that previously observed: despite pictures being judged to be of similar familiarity and visual complexity (high positive correlations), name agreement was less correlated, possibly due to differences in the languages spoken in each country and/or in the sample size used in each study. Results confirm the adequacy of the Brazilian norms.Snodgrass & Vanderwart (1980) padronizaram um conjunto de 260 figuras nos EUA para uso em pesquisas de processos cognitivos nas quais figuras de objetos são utilizadas como análogos laboratoriais de objetos propriamente ditos. Desde então normas similares foram obtidas no Reino Unido, Espanha, Japão e Islândia, e um conjunto de 400 figuras (incluindo as 260 originais: Cycowicz et al., 1997) foi estudado na França e no Brasil. O presente estudo traz uma comparação das normas obtidas no Brasil e internacionalmente. O padrão de correlações entre as padronizações brasileira e as demais foi equiparável ao previamente descrito: apesar das figuras serem julgadas como tendo familiaridade e complexidade visual similares (correlações positivas elevadas), a consistência de nomeação foi menos correlacionada, possivelmente devido a diferenças nos idiomas de cada pais pesquisado e/ou devido ao tamanho da amostra empregada em cada estudo. Os resultados confirmaram a adequação das normas brasileiras.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsicobiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de PsicobiologiaSciEL

A comparative study of norms for a 400 picture set between Brazilian and American children

OBJECTIVE: This study compared Brazilian and North American children regarding naming, familiarity and visual complexity of a set of 400 pictures. METHOD: Thirty-six Brazilian children (18 boys) aged 5 to 7 were evaluated. Their characteristics and the study procedure and measures were the same as those employed for the North American population enabling direct comparison of data from the two samples through Spearman rho correlations and Student t tests. RESULTS: Positive significant correlations between overall results of Brazilian and North American children were observed for all measures. Qualitative analysis showed that both groups gave modal names that differed from the intended names for the same 59 pictures. The Brazilian children named 72 pictures differently from the intended names that were correctly named by the North American children, who named 26 pictures differently from the intended names that were correctly named by the Brazilians. CONCLUSION: The 400 picture set was shown to be an adequate tool for use in different cultures. However, it is advisable to avoid pictures that produced naming inconsistencies by the Brazilian and North American children in studies in other cultures with the same age group until specific norms are made available.OBJETIVO: Este estudo comparou os resultados entre crianças brasileiras e americanas quanto àomeação, familiaridade com o conceito representado e complexidade visual de um conjunto de 400 figuras MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas 36 crianças brasileiras (18 meninos) de 5 a 7 anos de idade com características semelhantes às crianças americanas. Os procedimentos e medidas empregados no estudo brasileiro foram os mesmos usados para a população americana permitindo comparação direta dos dados das duas amostras através de correlações rho de Spearman e testes t de Student. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas correlações positivas significativas para todas as medidas entre as amostras brasileira e americana. A análise qualitativa demonstrou que ambos os grupos deram nomes modais que diferem do proposto para 59 figuras. As crianças brasileiras utilizaram nomes que diferem do proposto para 72 figuras nomeadas corretamente pelas americanas. As americanas nomearam diferentemente do nome modal 26 figuras nomeadas corretamente pelas brasileiras. CONCLUSÃO: O conjunto de 400 figuras mostrou-se um instrumento adequado para uso em diferentes culturas. Contudo, é aconselhável evitar o uso de figuras que produziram inconsistência de nomeação nas populações brasileira e norte-americana em estudos em outras culturas com o mesmo grupo etário até que normas específicas estejam disponíveis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsicobiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de PsicobiologiaSciEL

Sensory processing abilities of children with ADHD

OBJECTIVE:To assess and compare the sensory processing abilities of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children without disabilities, and to analyze the relationship between sensory processing difficulties and behavioural symptoms presented by children with ADHD.METHOD : Thirty-seven children with ADHD were compared with thirty-seven controls using a translated and adapted version of the Sensory Profile answered by the parents/caregivers. For the ADHD group, Sensory Profile scores were correlated to behavioural symptoms assessed using the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and the Behavioural Teacher Rating Scale (EACI-P). The statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficients.RESULTS : Children with ADHD showed significant impairments compared to the control group in sensory processing and modulation, as well as in behavioural and emotional responses as observed in 11 out of 14 sections and 6 out of 9 factors. Differences in all Sensory Profile response patterns were also observed between the two groups of children. Sensory Profile scores showed a moderately negative correlation with CBCL and EACI-P scores in the ADHD group.CONCLUSION : These results indicate that children with ADHD may present sensory processing impairments, which may contribute to the inappropriate behavioural and learning responses displayed by children with ADHD. It also suggests the importance of understanding the sensory processing difficulties and its possible contribution to the ADHD symptomatology.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de EducaçãoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) (EPM) Departamento de PsicobiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de EducaçãoUNIFESP, EPM, (EPM), Depto. de PsicobiologiaSciEL

Effects of age and gender on performance on Conners' Continuous Performance Test in Brazilian adolescents

The present study analyzed the effects of age and gender on performance on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT II) in a sample of Brazilian adolescents aged 12-17 years. The sample consisted of 480 participants (210 boys) with a mean age of 14.34 years (SD ± 1.61 years) who were representative of the socioeconomic class distribution of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The participants were prescreened for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The present results found effects of age and gender that were similar to other Brazilian age groups. Compared with males, female participants presented a lower rate of responding to non-target stimuli (i.e., commission errors), a greater ability to discriminate signals (d'), and fewer impulsive responses (i.e., less perseveration) but longer reaction times (Hit RT and Hit RT Std Error). A significant effect of age was found on RTs (Hit RT, Hit RT Sdt Error, Variability, Hit RT Block Change), commission errors, and perseveration. As age increased, the differences diminished. The present results may be useful for research and clinical studies with Brazilian adolescents.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Desarrollo de un sistema web para la gestión del reciclaje en la ciudad de Riobamba utilizando la tecnología de base de datos No-Sql y el framework Express.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue el desarrollo del sistema web para la gestión del reciclaje en la ciudad de Riobamba. Se optó por la creación de este sistema debido a la falta de herramientas tecnológicas en el sector del reciclaje. Para el desarrollo se aplicó la metodología Scrum la cual permitió definir los roles y tipos que estarán presentes en el desarrollo del proyecto para trabajar de manera conjunta fomentando la cooperación. Por medio del Sprint Backlog se definieron las 16 iteraciones que se desarrollaron en cada una de las semanas de trabajo. Adicionalmente, en la codificación del sistema se utilizó el framework Express que permitió construir el sistema web de forma rápida y eficiente; por otra parte, se empleó el framework Angular para la interfaz de usuario del sistema. Para el almacenamiento de los datos se utilizó la tecnología de base de datos NoSQL que permite mejorar el rendimiento y la escalabilidad. Finalmente, para la evaluación de la usabilidad se utilizó la encuesta como técnica de investigación y el estándar ISO/IEC 9126-3 para la medición de métricas internas, posteriormente al realizar el estudio se obtuvo que el sistema cumple con un 87.6% de usabilidad. Se concluye que el sistema es usable como herramienta para la gestión del reciclaje en la ciudad de Riobamba. Se recomienda utilizar las tecnologías Express y MongoDB en el desarrollo de sistemas por sus características y ventajas que brindan al desarrollar aplicaciones web.The main objective of this work was to develop a web system to manage recycling in the city of Riobamba. We chose to create this system because the lack of technological tools in the recycling area. For the development, we applied the methodology Scrum, which allowed to define the roles and types that will be present in the development of the project to work jointly and to foster cooperation. Through the Sprint Backlog, we defined the 16 iterations that were developed in each of the work weeks. Additionally, we utilized Express framework in the codification of the system that allowed building the web system in a fast and efficient manner. Moreover, we utilized the Angular framework for the interface of the system user. We utilized the NoSQL database technology for data storage, which allows improving the performance and scalability. Finally, we utilized the survey as a research technique for the evaluation of usability and the ISO / IEC 9126-3 standard for the measurement of internal metrics. Subsequently, when conducting the study, we obtained that the system meets 87.6% usability. We concluded that the system is usable as tool for recycling management in the city of Riobamba. We recommend utilize the Express and MongoDB technologies in the system development due to their characteristics and advantages that they provide when developing web applications