Local head loss for uncoaxial drippers inserted in polyethylene pipes

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de experimento conduzido para avaliar as perdas de carga localizadas em gotejados não coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno. As perdas de carga para diferentes vazões foram determinadas em quatro modelos de tubos-gotejadores, com dez repetições. Para cada vazão, a perda de carga localizada foi calculada pela diferença entre a perda de carga no tubo com emissor e a perda de carga contínua no tubo uniforme estimada pela equação de Darcy-Weisbach com o fator de atrito (f) previamente determinado. Aproximações matemáticas foram sugeridas para calcular hfe com base no coeficiente de carga cinética (K) e em um valor constante de comprimento equivalente (Le). Para os modelos de tubos-gotejadores estudados, a perda de carga localizada, expressa como percentagem da perda de carga total, aumentou com o aumento da razão de obstrução, variando de 24,5% a 50,8% para Ag/At = 0,221 e 0,429, respectivamente. A maior diferença percentual encontrada entre a perda de carga total calculada pelo método iterativo passo a passo e pelo uso de Le constante, calculado com a vazão de entrada na lateral, foi 5,5% para o gotejador não autocompensante. Para os gotejadores autocompensantes, as diferenças foram inferiores a 1,7%.In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation on local head losses from uncoaxial in-line emitters inserted into the pipe line are reported. Local losses corresponding to four different pipe-emitter combinations, with ten replications, were measured for a range of discharge values. For each discharge, the amount of local losses was calculated as the difference between the total measured head losses and the corresponding friction losses evaluated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Mathematical approaches were tested to calculate hfe based on the kinetic head coefficient (K) and constant equivalent length (Le). For the drip-line models examined, the amount of local losses, expressed as a percentage of the total losses, was found to grow with an increase in the obstruction degree. The percentage increased to 24.5% and 50.8%, respectively, for Ag/At = 0.221 and 0.429. The results of this experimental investigation indicated the practical validity of using a constant equivalent length (Le) to estimate the local head losses in a drip lateral line. The percentage variation between total head loss calculated by a step-by-step procedure and the Le approximation method was 5.5% for non-compensating pressure emitters and less than 1.7% for the pressure compensating emitters.Ministério da Ciência e TecnologiaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Engenharia da Irrigação (INCT-EI

Amostragem de percevejos castanhos em solos cultivadas com algodoeiro.

A ocorrência de infestações de percevejos castanhos em lavouras de algodoeiro no Cerrado pode comprometer a produtividade de plumas, uma vez que o seu ataque afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento das plantas, podendo levá-las à mor te. A primeira medida preventiva importante a ser tomada em áreas com histórico de ocorrência da praga é a amostragem de insetos no momento das primeiras chuvas da primavera

Photoacoustic Characterization Of Semiconductors: Transport Properties And Thermal Diffusivity In Gaas And Si

The photoacoustic signal of two semiconductor samples is investigated as a function of the modulation frequency in a heat-transmission configuration. It is shown that, in the frequency range where the sample is thermally thick, the signal amplitude and phase can single out the different fast and slow nonradiative recombination heat sources responsible for the photoacoustic signal. The characterization of the thermal and the carrier transport properties is discussed and some practical procedures for this purpose are also outlined. © 1990 The American Physical Society.41149971997

Prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, for coronary angiography

The presence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease increases the morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred for coronary angiography. This prevalence study was carried out at the Hemodynamics Unit of Hospital Santa Isabel, Salvador, Brazil, from December 2004 to April 2005. After approval by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, 397 patients with angiographic signs of coronary artery disease were enrolled. Diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was made using the ankle-brachial blood pressure index (£0.90). Statistical analyses were performed using the z test and a level of significance of a = 5%, 95%CI, the chi-square test and t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was 34.3% (95%CI: 29.4-38.9). Mean age was 65.7 ± 9.4 years for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and 60.3 ± 9.8 years for patients without peripheral arterial occlusive disease (P = 0.0000003). The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was 1.57 times greater in patients with hypertension (P = 0.007) and 2.91 times greater in patients with coronary stenosis ³50% (P = 0.002). Illiterate patients and those with little education had a 44% higher chance of presenting peripheral arterial occlusive disease probably as a result of public health prevention policies of limited effectiveness. The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Salvador, Bahia, for coronary angiography, was 34.3%.Hospital Agenor Paiva Serviço de Cirurgia VascularUniversidade Federal da Bahia Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina PreventivaUniversidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas Departamento de CirurgiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de CirurgiaHospital Ana Nery Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular Departamento de Acessos para HemodiáliseEscola Baiana de Medicina e Saúde PúblicaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de CirurgiaSciEL

Robocasting of Cu 2+ & La 3+ doped sol–gel glass scaffolds with greatly enhanced mechanical properties: Compressive strength up to 14 MPa

This research details the successful fabrication of scaffolds by robocasting from high silica sol–gel glass doped with Cu 2+ or La 3+ . The parent HSSGG composition within the system SiO 2 –CaO–Na 2 O–P 2 O 5 [67% Si – 24% Ca – 5% Na – 4% P (mol%)] was doped with 5 wt% Cu 2+ or La 3+ (Cu5 and La5). The paper sheds light on the importance of copper and lanthanum in improving the mechanical properties of the 3–D printed scaffolds. 1 h wet milling was sufficient to obtain a bioglass powder ready to be used in the preparation of a 40 vol% solid loading paste suitable for printing. Moreover, Cu addition showed a small reduction in the mean particle size, while La exhibited a greater reduction, compared with the parent glass. Scaffolds with macroporosity between 300 and 500 µm were successfully printed by robocasting, and then sintered at 800 °C. A small improvement in the compressive strength (7–18%) over the parent glass accompanied the addition of La. However, a much greater improvement in the compressive strength was observed with Cu addition, up to 221% greater than the parent glass, with compressive strength values of up to ∼14 MPa. This enhancement in compressive strength, around the upper limit registered for human cancellous bones, supports the potential use of this material in biomedical applications. Statement of Significance: 3D porous bioactive glass scaffolds with greatly improved compressive strength were fabricated by robocasting from a high silica sol–gel glasses doped with Cu 2+ or La 3+ . In comparison to the parent glass, the mechanical performance of scaffolds was greatly improved by copper-doping (>220%), while a modest increase of ∼9% was registered for lanthanum-doping. Doping ions (particularly La 3+ ) acted as glass modifiers leading to less extents of silica polymerisation. This favoured the milling of the glass powders and the obtaining of smaller mean particle sizes. Pastes with a high solid loading (40 vol%) and with suitable rheological properties for robocasting were prepared from all glass powders. Scaffolds with dimensions of 3 × 3 × 4 mm and macro-pore sizes between 300 and 500 µm were fabricated