258 research outputs found
Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays from Extragalactic Sources by Dust in Intervening Galaxies
Gamma-ray bursts are now known to be a cosmological population of objects,
which are often accompanied by X-ray and optical afterglows. The total energy
emitted in the afterglow can be similar to the energy radiated in the gamma-ray
burst itself. If a galaxy containing a large column density of dust is near the
line of sight to a gamma-ray burst, small-angle scattering of the X-rays due to
diffraction by the dust grains will give rise to an X-ray echo of the
afterglow. A measurement of the angular size of the echo at a certain time
after the afterglow is observed yields a combination of the angular diameter
distances to the scattering galaxy and the gamma-ray burst that can be used to
constrain cosmological models in the same way as a time delay in a
gravitational lens. The scattering galaxy will generally cause gravitational
lensing as well, and this should modify the shape of the X-ray echo from a
circular ring.
The main difficulty in detecting this phenomenon is the very low flux
expected for the echo. The flux can be increased when the gamma-ray burst is
highly magnified by gravitational lensing, or when the deflecting galaxy is at
low redshift. X-ray echos of continuous (but variable) sources, such as
quasars, may also be detectable with high-resolution instruments and would
allow similar measurements.Comment: To be published in Ap
Star Captures by Quasar Accretion Disks: A Possible Explanation of the M-sigma Relation
A new theory of quasars is presented in which the matter of thin accretion
disks around black holes is supplied by stars that plunge through the disk.
Stars in the central part of the host galaxy are randomly perturbed to highly
radial orbits, and as they repeatedly cross the disk they lose orbital energy
by drag, eventually merging into the disk. Requiring the rate of stellar mass
capture to equal the mass accretion rate into the black hole, a relation
between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion is predicted of
the form M_{BH} \propto sigma_*^{30/7}. The normalization depends on various
uncertain parameters such as the disk viscosity, but is consistent with
observation for reasonable assumptions. We show that a seed central black hole
in a newly formed stellar system can grow at the Eddington rate up to this
predicted mass via stellar captures by the accretion disk. Once this mass is
reached, star captures are insufficient to maintain an Eddington accretion
rate, and the quasar may naturally turn off as the accretion switches to a
low-efficiency advection mode. The model provides a mechanism to deliver mass
to the accretion disk at small radius, probably solving the problem of
gravitational instability to star formation in the disk at large radius. We
note that the matter from stars that is incorporated to the disk has an average
specific angular momentum that is very small or opposite to that of the disk,
and discuss how a rotating disk may be maintained as it captures this matter if
a small fraction of the accreted mass comes from stellar winds that form a disk
extending to larger radius. We propose several observational tests and
consequences of this theory.Comment: submitted to Ap
The Gravitational Lens CFRS03.1077
An exquisite gravitational arc with a radius of 2.1" has been discovered
around the z = 0.938 field elliptical galaxy CFRS03.1077 during HST
observations of Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) fields. Spectroscopic
observations of the arc show that the redshift of the resolved lensed galaxy is
z = 2.941. This gravitational lens-source system is well-fitted using the
position angle and ellipticity derived from the visible matter distribution and
an isothermal mass profile with a mass corresponding to sigma =387+-5 km/s.
Surprisingly, given the evidence for passive evolution of elliptical galaxies,
this is in good agreement with an estimate based on the fundamental plane for z
= 0 ellipticals. This, perhaps, indicates that this galaxy has not shared in
the significant evolution observed for average elliptical galaxies at z ~ 1. A
second elliptical galaxy with similar luminosity from the CFRS survey, CFRS
14.1311 at z=0.807, is also a lens but in this case the lens model gives a much
smaller mass-to-light ratio, i.e., it appears to confirm the expected
evolution. This suggests that this pair of field elliptical galaxies may have
very different evolutionary histories, a significant result if confirmed.
Clearly, CFRS03.1077 demonstrates that these "Einstein rings" are powerful
probes of high redshift galaxies.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted by Ap.
The Mean Metal-line Absorption Spectrum of DLAs in BOSS
We study the mean absorption spectrum of the Damped Lyman alpha population at
by stacking normalized, rest-frame shifted spectra of DLAs from the DR12 of BOSS/SDSS-III. We measure the equivalent widths
of 50 individual metal absorption lines in 5 intervals of DLA hydrogen column
density, 5 intervals of DLA redshift, and overall mean equivalent widths for an
additional 13 absorption features from groups of strongly blended lines. The
mean equivalent width of low-ionization lines increases with ,
whereas for high-ionization lines the increase is much weaker. The mean metal
line equivalent widths decrease by a factor from to
, with small or no differences between low- and high-ionization
species. We develop a theoretical model, inspired by the presence of multiple
absorption components observed in high-resolution spectra, to infer mean metal
column densities from the equivalent widths of partially saturated metal lines.
We apply this model to 14 low-ionization species and to AlIII, SIII, SiIII,
CIV, SiIV, NV and OVI. We use an approximate derivation for separating the
equivalent width contributions of several lines to blended absorption features,
and infer mean equivalent widths and column densities from lines of the
additional species NI, ZnII, CII, FeIII, and SIV. Several of these mean
column densities of metal lines in DLAs are obtained for the first time; their
values generally agree with measurements of individual DLAs from
high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra when they are available.Comment: Resubmitted after referee revision. Added evolution of metal-line
equivalent widths with redshift (Section 5). Added assessment of result
dependencies on sample and methodology. Comparison of relative abundances of
DLAs vs Milky Way ISM and halo (Figure 16). Publicly available videos of
composite quasar and DLA spectra realizations here:
https://github.com/lluism
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Screening as a Criterion for the Rational Selection of Tear Substitutes
A large number of artificial tears are currently available in the pharmaceutical market. Selecting the right drug for the patient remains a challenge for both the doctor and the patient. Comparing the cytotoxicity of artificial tears is one of the criteria for the rational selection of a drug that promotes maximum clinical efficacy and a higher safety profile. It is known that cells grown in vitro retain many metabolic features of the parent host tissues and at the same time lack tissue and organ interrelations and regulatory effects of the nervous and endocrine systems and have very limited compensatory capabilities. These features of cell cultures provide an opportunity to investigate the interaction of chemical agents directly with the cell itself, to identify changes in cellular and subcellular structures that can be masked in whole-organism settings. This study presents the results of assessing the cytotoxicity of tear substitutes, which demonstrate that these drugs can have a cytostatic effect in vitro and differ in their cytotoxic potential. In recent years, the problem of drug therapy of patients with dry eye syndrome has been attracting increasing attention of ophthalmologists, so screening the cytotoxicity of a wide range of tear substitutes using cell culture-based test systems can promote the rational selection of these drugs
Self-shielding Effects on the Column Density Distribution of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems
We calculate the column density distribution of damped Lyman alpha systems,
modeled as spherical isothermal gaseous halos ionized by the external cosmic
background. The effects of self-shielding introduce a hump in this
distribution, at a column density N_{HI} \sim 1.6x10^{17} X^{-1} cm^{-2}, where
X is the neutral fraction at the radius where self-shielding starts being
important. The most recent compilation of the column density distribution by
Storrie-Lombardi & Wolfe shows marginal evidence for the detection of this
feature due to self-shielding, suggesting a value X \sim 10^{-3}. Assuming a
photoionization rate \Gamma \sim 10^{-12} s^{-1} from the external ionizing
background, the radius where self-shielding occurs is inferred to be about
3.8kpc. If damped Lyman alpha systems consist of a clumpy medium, this should
be interpreted as the typical size of the gas clumps in the region where they
become self-shielding. Clumps of this size with typical column densities N_H
\sim 3x10^{20} cm^{-2} would be in hydrostatic equilibrium at the
characteristic photoionization temperature \sim 10^4 K if they do not contain
dark matter. Since this size is similar to the overall radius of damped \lya
systems in Cold Dark Matter models, where all halos are assumed to contain
similar gas clouds producing damped absorbers, this suggests that the gas in
damped absorbers is in fact not highly clumped.Comment: 9 pages, 3 eps figures, references added, Fig.2 modified, the
inferred size of the clouds increases a little, accepted for publication in
ApJ Letter
Broadband distortion modeling in Lyman- forest BAO fitting
In recent years, the Lyman- absorption observed in the spectra of
high-redshift quasars has been used as a tracer of large-scale structure by
means of the three-dimensional Lyman- forest auto-correlation function
at redshift , but the need to fit the quasar continuum in every
absorption spectrum introduces a broadband distortion that is difficult to
correct and causes a systematic error for measuring any broadband properties.
We describe a -space model for this broadband distortion based on a
multiplicative correction to the power spectrum of the transmitted flux
fraction that suppresses power on scales corresponding to the typical length of
a Lyman- forest spectrum. Implementing the distortion model in fits for
the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak position in the Lyman-
forest auto-correlation, we find that the fitting method recovers the input
values of the linear bias parameter and the redshift-space distortion
parameter for mock data sets with a systematic error of less than
0.5\%. Applied to the auto-correlation measured for BOSS Data Release 11, our
method improves on the previous treatment of broadband distortions in BAO
fitting by providing a better fit to the data using fewer parameters and
reducing the statistical errors on and the combination
by more than a factor of seven. The measured values at
redshift are $\beta_{F}=1.39^{+0.11\ +0.24\ +0.38}_{-0.10\ -0.19\
-0.28}b_{F}(1+\beta_{F})=-0.374^{+0.007\ +0.013\ +0.020}_{-0.007\
-0.014\ -0.022}\sigma\sigma\sigma$ statistical errors). Our
fitting software and the input files needed to reproduce our main results are
publicly available.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, matches the published versio
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