Modeled and Measured Operating Temperatures of Floating PV Modules: A Comparison

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Successful treatment of metastatic melanoma by adoptive transfer of blood-derived polyclonal tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in combination with low-dose interferon-alpha

A phase I/II study was conducted to test the feasibility and safety of the adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T cells and daily injections of interferon-alpha (IFNα) in metastatic melanoma patients with progressive disease. Autologous melanoma cell lines were established to generate tumor-specific T cells by autologous mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures using peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ten patients were treated with on average 259 (range 38–474) million T cells per infusion to a maximum of six infusions, and clinical response was evaluated according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). Five patients showed clinical benefit from this treatment, including one complete regression, one partial response, and three patients with stable disease. No treatment-related serious adverse events were observed, except for the appearance of necrotic-like fingertips in one patient. An IFNα-related transient leucopenia was detected in 6 patients, including all responders. One responding patient displayed vitiligo. The infused T-cell batches consisted of tumor-reactive polyclonal CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cells. Clinical reactivity correlated with the functional properties of the infused tumor-specific T cells, including their in vitro expansion rate and the secretion of mainly Th1 cytokines as opposed to Th2 cytokines. Our study shows that relatively low doses of T cells and low-dose IFNα can lead to successful treatment of metastatic melanoma and reveals a number of parameters potentially associated with this success

The solar noise barrier project: 1. Effect of incident light orientation on the performance of a large-scale luminescent solar concentrator noise barrier

In this work we describe the relative performance of the largest luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) constructed to date. Comparisons are made for performance of North/South and East/West facing panels during a sunny day. It is shown that the East/West panels display much more varied performance during the day, as the structural elements of the barrier interfere with solar illumination and cause shading, but perform similarly for both front and back illumination conditions. The results of a more extended, 200 day measurement period mirror the results of the single sunny day results. This work demonstrates the importance of frame design to minimize self-shading of the LSC panels

The solar noise barrier project 2. The effect of street art on performance of a large scale luminescent solar concentrator prototype

Noise barriers have been used worldwide to reduce the impact of sound generated from traffic on nearby areas. A common feature to appear on these noise barriers are all manner of graffiti and street art. In this work we describe the relative performance of a large area luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) noise barrier before and after application of street art to one surface. Comparisons are made of performance of East/West facing panels during a sunny day. It is shown that the edge mounted solar cells that are further away from the artwork perform at about 80% of their original performance level, while cells mounted nearby show greater performance decreases, suggesting that the effect of street art is primarily a localized effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that illumination by sunlight from the rear side of the panel, opposite to the artwork shows less of a performance drop. In summary, the overall performance of a large-scale prototype LSC device is affected by the application of street art due to blocking solar access to the surface, but the effect is mostly confined to areas in the immediate vicinity of the surface modification, and the remaining panel area continues to function at a reasonable level

The solar noise barrier project 3. The effects of seasonal spectral variation, cloud cover and heat distribution on the performance of full-scale luminescent solar concentrator panels

We report on the relative performances of two large-scale luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) noise barriers placed in an outdoor environment monitored for over a year. Comparisons are made for the performances of a number of attached photovoltaic cells with changing spectral illumination, cloud cover conditions and other seasonal variations, and the temperatures of the cells. Differences in performance are attributed to the positioning of the panels, whether facing North/South or East/West. In general, the panels facing East/West run cooler than those facing North/South. The LSCs in both orientations appear to perform more efficiently under lower light conditions: one factor contributing to this increased performance is better spectral matching of the solar spectrum under cloudy conditions to the absorption spectrum of the embedded fluorescent dye. This work is a step forward in the characterization of a large scale LSC device, and suggests predictions of performance of devices could be made for any location given sufficient knowledge of the illumination conditions, and provides an important step towards the commercialization of these alternative solar energy generators for the urban setting

The solar noise barrier project 2. The effect of street art on performance of a large scale luminescent solar concentrator prototype

Noise barriers have been used worldwide to reduce the impact of sound generated from traffic on nearby areas. A common feature to appear on these noise barriers are all manner of graffiti and street art. In this work we describe the relative performance of a large area luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) noise barrier before and after application of street art to one surface. Comparisons are made of performance of East/West facing panels during a sunny day. It is shown that the edge mounted solar cells that are further\u3cbr/\u3eaway from the artwork perform at about 80% of their original performance level, while cells mounted nearby show greater performance decreases, suggesting that the effect of street art is primarily a localized effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that illumination by sunlight from the rear side of the panel, opposite to the artwork shows less of a performance drop. In summary, the overall performance of a large-scale prototype LSC device is affected by the application of street art due to blocking solar access to the surface, but the effect is mostly confined to areas in the immediate vicinity of the surface modification, and the remaining panel area continues to function at a reasonable level

The ‘WenSDak’ project: (analysis and development) of aesthetic building integrated solar heat and power roofs

In the Dutch WenSDak project, eight companies and three research institutes worked together on the (further) development of five concepts for integrating solar heat and power production into one roof. The performance of the ventilated PV, uncovered PVT and solar thermal collectors was evaluated in a field test and with a solar simulator indoors. In this paper, we focus on three types of uncovered PVT collectors. There is a large difference between the measured thermal performance of the three different collectors. These differences can be explained by the PVT collector design. The absorption of all PVT modules is quite good (0.9 – 0.94). A good heat conduction from the PV cells to a metal absorber leads to a high peak collector efficiency, while insulation at the back of the PVT module improves the performance at higher temperatures. Performance of some collectors can be improved by e.g. heat conducting paste, however, this is also more expensive. System simulations with PVT as part of a solar heating system are carried out in TRNSYS and will yield valuable information on the annual yield for a specific system

The solar noise barrier project 3. The effects of seasonal spectral variation, cloud cover and heat distribution on the performance of full-scale luminescent solar concentrator panels

We report on the relative performances of two large-scale luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) noise barriers placed in an outdoor environment monitored for over a year. Comparisons are made for the performances of a number of attached photovoltaic cells with changing spectral illumination, cloud cover conditions and other seasonal variations, and the temperatures of the cells. Differences in performance are attributed to the positioning of the panels, whether facing North/South or East/West. In general, the panels facing East/West run cooler than those facing North/South. The LSCs in both orientations appear to perform more efficiently under lower light conditions: one factor contributing to this increased performance is better spectral matching of the solar spectrum under cloudy conditions to the absorption spectrum of the embedded fluorescent dye. This work is a step forward in the characterization of a large scale LSC device, and suggests predictions of performance of devices could be made for any location given sufficient knowledge of the illumination conditions, and provides an important step towards the commercialization of these alternative solar energy generators for the urban setting

Evaluating the thermal and electrical performance of several uncovered PVT collectors with a field test

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in PV thermal systems, which generate both heat and power. Within the WenSDak project, several companies and research institutes work together to (further) develop several uncovered PVT collectors. The outdoor performance of prototypes of these collectors is being evaluated in an outdoor test setup. The three types of uncovered PVT collectors in this paper can be distinguished as an un-insulated add-on PVT collector, a PVT collector with insulation at the back and a building integrated PVT collector. In this paper, we will describe the experimental outdoor field test facility used for measuring the electrical and thermal performance. Furthermore, the results of the steady state analysis and typical collector curves are presented. In the next phase of the project, results of this field test will be used for dynamic simulations of the annual electrical and thermal energy yields for typical system designs and heat loads in the Netherlands