STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL PERBANDINGAN PENGARUH POSISI PEMBEBANAN MONOTONIK PADA PELAT STRIP KOMPOSIT BETON-BAJA RINGAN DENGAN PENGHUBUNG GESER BAUT

ABSTRAK Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi semakin pesat dalam pembangunan infrastruktur. Dalam pembangunan itu tidak terlepas dari material pembentuknya. Salah satu material yang paling banyak dikenal yaitu material komposit. Saat ini material struktur komposit yang sedang banyak diteliti adalah komposit beton-baja ringan. Dalam penelitian ini membahas tentang hasil studi eksperimental respon penggunaan baut sebagai penghubung geser (shear connector) pada komponen struktur pelat strip komposit beton-baja ringan terhadap kapasitas lentur ketika diberikan beban serta mengamati pengaruh penghubung geser terhadap slip yang terjadi. Model benda uji didisain menggunakan material baja ringan profil kanal C.75.75 merk TASO sebagai tulangan tarik dan material beton ready mix dengan mutu 25,1 MPa. Benda uji dibuat sebanyak tiga buah spesimen berupa pelat strip dengan variasi ketebalan yang berbeda-beda yakni 80 mm, 100 mm, 120 dengan menggunakan penghubung geser (shear connector) baut berdiameter 5,5 mm dengan bentang geser 0,65 m dan tiga buah spesimen lainnya dengan ketebalan sama dengan bentang geser 0,80 m yang telah diuji oleh penguji sebelumnya sebagai pembanding. Hasil uji didapatkan bahwa semakin dekat beban dengan tumpuan dan semakin tebal spesimen strip maka semakin besar pula beban yang dipikul oleh spesimen. Kemudian selama pengujian tidak ditemukan adanya slip pada semua spesimen. Kata Kunci: Komposit, Pelat strip komposit beton-baja ringan, Penghubung geser, baut

KINETIKA FERMENTASI PADA TEH KOMBUCHA DENGAN VARIASI JENIS TEH BERDASARKAN PENGOLAHANNYA

Teh (Camellia sinensis) merupakan hasil pertanian yang mengandung senyawa berkhasiat, terutama dalam bidang kesehatan. Beberapa jenis teh di Indonesia adalah teh hijau dan teh hitam. Teh kombucha merupakan air seduhan teh dan gula yang mengalami proses fermentasi selama 8-12 hari yang tersusun dari senyawa kompleks yang diubah oleh bakteri Acetobacter xylinum dan khamir Saccharomyces cereviseae. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis teh terhadap kinetika fermentasi teh kombucha dengan parameter kecepatan pertumbuhan spesifik (µ), hasil pertumbuhan sel (YX/S), pembentukan produk (YP/S), waktu generasi (Td), dan banyaknya penggandaan (N). Penelitian dilakukan di UPT Laboratorium Pusat MIPA Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Optimasi proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan jumlah inokulum 10 % (v/v), suhu 30ºC dan kadar gula awal 10 % (b/v). Analisis terhadap kadar gula reduksi, kadar asam asetat, pH, dan mikrobiologis teh kombucha dilakukan selama 8 hari fermentasi dengan interval 24 jam. Data yang diperoleh akan dilakukan analisis secara deskriptif dan uji t-test sehingga dapat diketahui perbedaan kinetika fermentasi teh kombucha hijau dan teh kombucha hitam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinetika fermentasi kombucha teh hijau kecepatan partumbuhan spesifik aerob dan anaerob yaitu 0,055/jam dan 0,015/jam; hasil pertumbuhan sel 1,901 x 107 cfu/mg; pembentukan produk 0,064; effisiensi produksi asam asetat terhadap gula reduksi 11,814 %; waktu generasi dalam suasana aerob dan anaerob 12,6 jam dan 46,2 jam; dan banyaknya penggandaan 3,583 kali. Sedangkan kinetika fermentasi kombucha teh hitam menunjukkan kecepatan partumbuhan spesifik aerob dan anaerob yaitu 0,054/jam dan 0,018/jam; hasil pertumbuhan sel 2,425 x 107 cfu/mg ; pembentukan produk 0,081; effisiensi produksi asam asetat terhadap gula reduksi 11,510 %; waktu generasi dalam suasana aerob dan anaerob 12,8 jam dan 38,5 jam; dan banyaknya penggandaan 3,583 kali. Dengan uji t-test didapatkan hasil bahwa kecepatan pertumbuhan spesfik aerob, efisiensi produksi asam asetat terhadap gula reduksi, waktu generasi aerob, pertumbuhan sel dan pembentukan produk adalah tidak beda nyata. Sedangkan kecepatan pertumbuhan spesifik anaerob, waktu generasi anaerob, dan banyaknya penggandaan adalah beda nyata

Pengaruh Orientasi Kewirausahaan Terhadap Kinerja Usaha Pada Agroindustri Kopi Bubuk Di Nagari Koto Tuo Kecamatan Sungai Tarab Kabupaten Tanah Datar

PENGARUH ORIENTASI KEWIRAUSAHAAN TERHADAP KINERJA USAHA PADA AGROINDUSTRI KOPI BUBUK DI NAGARI KOTO TUO KECAMATAN SUNGAI TARAB KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR Abstrak Perkebunan merupakan sektor kunci dari industri pertanian dan memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap perekonomian nasional. Kopi merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai salah satu komoditi ekspor. Agroindustri kopi yang mengubah biji kopi menjadi barang olahan seperti kopi bubuk, dimana pelaku usaha yang terlibat harus sadar akan orientasi kewirausahaan perlu adanya agar kinerja usaha dari agroindustri kopi dapat berjalan dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan orientasi kewirausahaan dan kinerja usaha serta menganalisis pengaruh orientasi kewirausahaan terhadap kinerja usaha pada agroindustri kopi bubuk di Nagari Koto Tuo Kecamatan Sungai Tarab Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan kuantitatif, dengan bantuan SPSS, untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan dari 40 pengusaha kopi bubuk. Studi menemukan bahwa pengusaha kopi bubuk di Nagari Koto Tuo memiliki orientasi kewirausahaan karena inovatif, proaktif, dan berani mengambil risiko. Pengusaha kopi bubuk juga berkinerja baik dalam bisnis. Analisis SPSS menunjukkan bahwa orientasi kewirausahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja usaha. Kata kunci : orientasi kewirausahaan, kinerja usaha, kopi bubuk, agroindustr

A systematic analysis of enabling conditions for synergy between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in developing countries

AbstractThere is a growing quest for synergy between mitigation and adaptation due to concerns of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the compartmentalized approaches to climate change. However, little has been done to explore the necessary enabling conditions for synergistic design and implementation. This paper proposes an analytical framework to assess enabling conditions for synergies at the national level and applies it to developing countries to explore the potential move toward synergy. Four enabling conditions for integrating adaptation and mitigation, i.e. policies and strategies, programs and projects, institutional arrangements and financial mechanisms, were used to score developing countries relative to each other. We hypothesized that low income and vulnerable countries might more likely pursue synergy given the urgency for both adaptation and mitigation. Despite the relative infancy of the synergy concept, about half of countries studied exhibited good synergy potential, 80% of which were middle-income developing countries. The assumption of vulnerability as a precursor for pursuing synergy was supported by the fact that small island states possessed relatively high synergy potential. Income was weakly associated with the synergy potential with least developed countries having low synergy scores. Emerging economies possessed strong synergy potential which might be associated with better capacity available and/or potential for shaping their global images due to their growing emissions. In sum, the proposed analytical framework could be useful to identify areas of emphasis to promote holistic and efficient climate policies. As this study largely focused on the enabling conditions, further studies are needed to scrutinize and manage the mitigation-adaptation balances in countries possessing good synergy potentials

Analyzing the Contribution of Cameroon’s Council Forests to Climate Change Mitigation and Socioeconomic Development

Council forests were officially enacted in Cameroon in 1994 as part of the forestry law reform. The law provided rural councils with the legal right to create their own forests estate within the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) of the State, following the preparation of a management plan approved by the forest administration. In this chapter, we analyze the socioeconomic and climate change mitigation potentials of these forests and propose possible options for improving their socioeconomic importance as well as their ability to mitigate climate change. Results indicate that Cameroon’s council forests provide socioeconomic opportunities to communities in which they are located including employment and revenue from the sale of timber and nontimber forest products emanating from these forests. Additionally, given their diversity in terms of the various forest types (e.g., humid dense evergreen forests, humid dense semideciduous forests, and gallery forests), these forests have enormous carbon stocks which can provide huge opportunities for international climate initiatives such as the REDD+ mechanism to be initiated within them as a potential for mitigating global climate change. The chapter identifies and discusses possible options for improving the socioeconomic and climate change mitigation potential of these forests. Progress on the options the chapter opines, will help in improving the contributions of these forests to socioeconomic development and climate change mitigation

EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF HOME HEALTH CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH COMPLEX MEDICAL NEEDS RECEIVING PRIVATE DUTY NURSING SERVICES IN THE MARYLAND RARE AND EXPENSIVE CASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE: To use process and structural measures to evaluate the quality of Private Duty Nursing (PDN) services provided to individuals with complex medical needs in the Rare and Expensive Case Management (REM) program in the state of Maryland. The results will form the basis for recommendations for legislative changes regulating Private Duty Nursing provider agencies. BACKGROUND: Individuals with defined complex medical needs diagnosed before age 21, may receive skilled nursing level of care at home under the Maryland Medicaid REM program. The REM and similar programs have been shown to be cost effective, providing cost-savings to both state Medicaid programs and private insurance companies as the beneficiaries avoid long stays in short-term and/or long-term care facilities. Unfortunately, the quality of care in the REM program is not consistent. Thus, there is a need to evaluate REM program services to understand the reasons for these inconsistencies and make recommendations for fixes to the State and PDN provider agencies. TARGET POPULATION: Individuals with complex medical needs receiving REM program services and PDN provider agencies in the state of Maryland. DATA: Results of audits of client and personnel records of PDN provider agencies performed by the Division of Nursing Services (DONS) in the Maryland Department of Health were reviewed and analyzed. ANALYTICAL METHOD: This was a mixed-methods study, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analyses. A descriptive study method with a retrospective analysis was also employed. Frequencies, percentage scores, and means with confidence intervals were generated in Google Sheets and Stata software. Finally, qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the DONS auditors’ comments, to find themes from key words or phrases. RESULTS: The study found major deficiencies in the client and employee records. Out of 99 employees and 30 client records from about 13 PDN provider agencies, 100 % of the records had deficiencies of one kind or the other, the most prevalent being discrepancies between the physician orders and the medication administration records. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate that improvements to the quality of nursing services to REM program participants can be implemented at provider agencies as well as the executive and legislative levels of state government

Illegal logging, governance effectiveness and carbon dioxide emission in the timber‑producing countries of Congo Basin and Asia

The empirical link between governance and illegal logging is widely accepted amongst scientist, although a minority still purports that illegal logging does not necessarily prevail because of poor governance. However, the nexus linking governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not well enshrined in scientific literature. This paper seeks to review the literature on illegal logging and governance and empirically investigate the effect of illegal logging and governance effectiveness on carbon emission. Using panel dynamic ordinary least square method on data covering three Congo Basin timber-producing countries and three Asian timber-producing countries, this paper further investigates disaggregated effects between these two groups of countries. The empirical evidence underscores that Congo Basin timber-producing countries are characterized by increasing trend of illegal logging, poor governance effectiveness and corruption. Panel regression reveals a positive and significant impact of illegal logging, governance effectiveness and corruption on carbon emission. Asian producing countries depict a reducing trend in illegal logging and improvements in governance and corruption. There is a positive but not significant impact of illegal logging on carbon emission, and governance effectiveness reduces carbon emission. Thus, the dynamics of governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not the same between timber-producing countries in Asia and Congo producing counties, thus suggesting the ability of institutions to curb illegal logging and enforce laws to reduce the effects of carbon emission. Multi-stakeholder consultations, government engagement, partnerships and training of control staff can help curb corruption. Legality checks should go beyond having legal documents to effectively check and control of timber concessions and small-scale logging

Nilai Solidaritas dalam Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournament Terintegrasi Permainan Tradisional (Benteng-Bentengan) di Kelas V

Nilai solidaritas peserta didik dirasa belum tercapai dengan baik yang dikarenakan lebih sering bermain gadget sehingga jarang berinteraksi dengan orang lain disekitarnya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk dapat mengetahui model pembelajara kooperatif tipe Temas Games Tournament terintegrasi permainan tradisional (benteng-bentengan) yang diterapkan guru kelas V di SDN 141 Minanga Tallu Kabupaten Luwu Utara, nilai solidaritas peserta didik kelas V, dan model pembelajaran kooperatiif tipe Teams Games Tounrament terintegrasi permainan tradisional (benteng-bentengan) yang seharusnya diterapkan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deksriptif. Wawancara, dokumentasi, dan observasi merupakan teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terdapat 5 langkah pada model pembelajaran TGT terintergasi permainan tradisional benteng-bentengan yang dibuat oleh guru kelas V. Nilai solidaritas peserta didik kelas V belum tercapai dengan baik menggunakan kelima langkah model tersebut. Kemudian dilakukan penambahan langkah pada model tersebut menjadi 14 langkah yang baru dan lebih spesifik untuk ketercapaian nillai solidaritas peserta didik yang lebih baik