Primary Tuberculosis of Tonsils: A Case Report

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of ill health and death worldwide. Isolated tuberculosis of tonsil in the absence of active pulmonary tuberculosis is a very rare clinical entity. A 10-year-male child presented with recurrent episodes of upper respiratory tract infections, with 2-3 occurrences per month for the past 6 years. On general physical examination, bilateral tonsils showed grade III enlargement and congestion. Posterior pharyngeal wall was clear. Examination of the chest was within normal limits. Histopathological examination of bilateral tonsils revealed caseating and noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas with Langhans giant cells. Ziehl-Neelsen stain for acid fast bacillus was positive. Features were consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of tonsils. Tuberculosis of the oral cavity is uncommon and lesions may be either primary or secondary. Early detection and intervention is essential for cure. Isolated and primary tuberculosis of the tonsils in the absence of pulmonary tuberculosis is a rare entity, which prompted us to report this case

PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GUAZUMA TOMENTOSA LEAF

ObjectiveDevelopment of quality standards of Guazuma tomentosa leafMethodsPharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation of leaf of Guazuma tomentosa is carried out to establish its macroscopic and microscopic characters and its quantitative physicochemical standards. Total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, swelling index, extractive value (ethyl acetate, dichloromethne, alcohol and water soluble extractive value both hot and cold) were determined for physicochemical evaluations. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done to detect the presence and absence of phytoconstituents. Thin layer chromatography was carried out which play important role in assuring quality of crude drug. Catechin content of leaf was determined using HPLC.  ResultsThe drug can be identified on the basis of morphology and microscopic characters. Phytochemical screening revealed that leaf extract contain alkaloids, carbohydrate, phytosterol, resin, flavanoids, tannins, diterpenes and protein. TLC chromatogram and different phsicochemical standard has been deleloped.ConclusionThe present study on pharmacognostic standardisation, physicochemical evaluation of Guazuma tomentosa leaf might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptibility of herbal drugs in present scenario.Key wordsGuazuma tomentosa, Standardisation, Microscopy, TLC, Pundraaksh

Karakterizacija rotavirusa izdvojenih iz bivola, peradi i čovjeka u Zapadnoj Indiji.

The present investigation describes the detection of rotaviruses among buffalo, poultry and humans. A total of 83 buffalo, 54 poultry faecal and 81 human stool samples were screened by RNA-PAGE for the presence of rotavirus, of which 6 buffalo (12.5%), 4 poultry (7.84%) and 16 human (20.25%) samples were detected positive. All the buffalo and human rotavirus PAGE positive samples depicted a characteristic group A rotavirus migration pattern (4:2:3:2) of RNA segments, whereas a group D like migration pattern (5:2:2:2) was observed in poultry samples. Out of 26 rotavirus positive samples, all the buffalo (23.07%) rotavirus positive samples showed a long electropherotype, while a short migration pattern was revealed in avian samples (15.38%). Among human samples, the majority of the samples (60%) were long electropherotypes followed by short electropherotypes (40%). Hence, a total of 10 different electropherotypes were identified among the three host species, of which four belonged to buffaloes, one poultry, five human, and one human sample was of mixed infection. RNA-PAGE positive samples were further confirmed for the presence of rotavirus by VP4 & VP7 gene specific RT-PCR. The partial length amplification of the VP4 gene of buffalo and human rotaviruses yielded 856bp and 876bp products, respectively. The VP7 gene of both buffalo and human rotaviruses yielded 1062 bp products. On G genotyping of RT-PCR positive buffalo rotavirus samples, none of the samples revealed any G6, G8, and G10 type specific products. However, P genotyping of the same samples revealed the P[11] genotype in only 2 (33.33%) of the buffalo samples. Among the human rotaviruses, 6 (37.5%) were typed as G[1] genotype but remained untypeable for P genotypes. The VP4 and VP7 genes of avian rotavirus could not be amplified. However, the VP6 gene of all avian rotavirus yielded an amplicon of 493bp . The study reports probably the first ever detection of the group D avian rotavirus in Western India.Istraživani su rotavirusa u bivola, peradi i čovjeka. Ukupno su na prisutnost rotavirusa bila pretražena 83 uzorka fecesa bivola, 54 peradi i 81 uzorak stolice čovjeka probirnim RNA-PAGE testom, od čega je pozitivnih bilo šest (12,5%) uzoraka bivola, četiri (7,84%) uzorka peradi i 16 (20,25%) uzoraka stolice čovjeka. Svi bivolji i ljudski uzorci rotavirusa pozitivni poliakrilamid gel elektroforezom pokazivali su profil RNA segmenata karakterističan za skupinu A rotavirusa (4:2:3:2), dok su uzorci karakteristični za rotaviruse skupine D (5:2:2:2) bili dokazani u peradi. Svi pozitivni uzorci iz bivola (23,07%) pokazivali su dugi elekroferotip, dok je kratak elekroferotip ustanovljen u uzorcima peradi (15,38%). Većina (60%) ljudskih uzoraka rotavirusa imala je dugi elektroferotip, a preostalih 40% kratki. Ukupno je 10 različitih elektroferotipova bilo dokazano u trima pretraživanima domaćinima od čega su četiri pripadala bivolu, jedan peradi i pet čovjeku, a jedan uzorak iz čovjeka dokazan je kod mješovite infekcije. Prisutnost rotavirusa u RNA-PAGE pozitivnim uzorcima bila je dodatno potvrđena RT-PCR-om specifičnim za gene VP4 i VP7. Djelomično umnožen odsječak gena za VP4 bivoljih rotavirusa sadržavao je 856 bp, a ljudskih rotavirusa 876 bp. Proizvod gena za VP7 i bivoljih i ljudskih rotavirusa sadržavao je 1062 bp. Genotipizacijom G RT-PCR-om pozitivnih uzoraka ni u jednom uzorku nije bio dokazan proizvod specifičan za ikoji od tipova G6, G8 i G10. Genotipizacijom P istih uzoraka ustanovljen je genotip P[11] samo u dvjema (33,33%) uzorcima bivola. Šest ljudskih rotavirusa (37,5%) bilo je tipizirano kao genotip G[1], ali se nisu mogli tipizirati na osnovi genotipa P. Geni za VP4 i VP7 ptičjih rotavirusa nisu se mogli umnožiti. Međutim gen za VP6 svih ptičjih rotavirusa dao je fragment od 493 bp. Ovo je prvi dokaz skupine D rotavirusa u Zapadnoj Indiji

A critical review on Vagbhatokta Niruha Basti

Ayurveda is very well known science in this global scenario because of its holistic approach towards positive lifestyle. In Ayurveda for treating any disorder it has two ways to deal with it i.e. Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa. Out of this Niruha Basti Chikitsa is considered as one of the Shodhana Chikitsa. The word Basti (medicated enema) means bladder. In ancient times bladder of animal is used to conduct this procedure. Hence the procedure is named as Basti Karma. Different types of Niruha Basti are mentioned in Samhitas by using different permutations and combinations of herbs as per the need of action. Due to some traditional mindsets these Niruha Yogas were not widely practiced now a day. So this article aims to review the different combinations of Niruha Basti as told in Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita in order to explore the scientific approach for the benefit of mankind

Enhancement of mangiferin by fungal endophytes isolated from Salacia chinensis L. and Salacia oblonga Wall.

Microbes residing in the internal tissues of a plant are called endophytes, and are known for producing phytochemicals such as taxol, podophyllotoxin, azadirachtin and vinca alkaloids. In this study, out of five isolates from Salacia species, two fungi Penicillium capsulatum and Aspergillus fumigatus have been evaluated and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for their endophytic action to produce mangiferin. Mangiferin has been reported to possess protective properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory. It has been reported that the content of mangiferin is 7-9% in Mangifera indica, and is also present in other plants like Swertia chirata, Salacia chinensis, and Hypericum aucheri. Therefore, an attempt was made to explore the biotechnological approach and regulation studies to increase the production of mangiferin in S. chinensis and S. oblonga. Endophytes were isolated, screened, and analyzed, to evaluate the mangiferin in fungal extracts in comparison with crude plant extracts. An HPLC analysis was used to determine the mangiferin content present in the fungal extract of S. chinensis stem (74.74 g/mL), followed by fungi extracts of S. oblonga root (33.75 g/mL) and S. chinensis root (30.50 g/mL), compared with the plant extracts. These results were confirmed by FTIR analyses.

Insecticidal effects of deltamethrin in laboratory and field populations of Culicoides species: how effective are host-contact reduction methods in India?

BACKGROUND: Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), a clinical disease observed primarily in sheep. BT has a detrimental effect on subsistence farmers in India, where hyperendemic outbreaks impact on smallholdings in the southern states of the country. In this study, we establish a reliable method for testing the toxic effects of deltamethrin on Culicoides and then compare deltamethrin with traditional control methods used by farmers in India. RESULTS: Effects of deltamethrin were initially tested using a colonised strain of Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen and a modified World Health Organisation exposure assay. This method was then applied to field populations of Culicoides spp. in India. The field population of C. oxystoma in India had a greater LC50 (0.012 ± 0.009%) for deltamethrin than laboratory-reared C.nubeculosus (0.0013 ± 0.0002%). Exposure of C. nubeculosus to deltamethrin at higher ambient temperatures resulted in greater rates of knockdown but a lower mortality rate at 24 h post-exposure. Behavioural assays with C. nubeculosus in WHO tubes provided evidence for contact irritancy and spatial repellence caused by deltamethrin. The field experiments in India, however, provided no evidence for repellent or toxic effects of deltamethrin. Traditional methods such as the application of neem oil and burning of neem leaves also provided no protection. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that field-collected Culicoides in India are less susceptible to deltamethrin exposure than laboratory-bred C. nubeculosus and traditional methods of insect control do not provide protection to sheep. These low levels of susceptibility to deltamethrin have not been recorded before in field populations of Culicoides and suggest resistance to synthetic pyrethrioids. Alternative insect control methods, in addition to vaccination, may be needed to protect Indian livestock from BTV transmission

Određivanje i validacija novih početnica za učinkovitu genotipizaciju životinjskih rotavirusa G3.

The present study describes the problem of genotyping failures of animal rotaviruses with existing and in-use G3 genotyping primers. To overcome the problem, published and in-use G3 typing primers with sequences of VP7 genotyping regions from human and animal G3 rotavirus isolates were evaluated. The sequence alignment analysis showed that existing in-use G3 primers exhibit higher complementarities with rotavirus isolates of G6, G8 and G10 genotype specificities. The existing G3 primers showed up to 9 nucleotide mismatches with the animal origin rotavirus isolates of G3 genotype specificity. The modified G3 genotyping primers yielded positive amplification in all the G3 isolates of animal origin, with no incorrect amplification with any other group A rotavirus genotypes viz. G6 and G10. We advise the use of the proposed primers in molecular surveillance studies to discover the truly dominant genotypes of rotaviruses in animals.U radu je opisan problem neuspjeha genotipizacije životinjskih rotavirusa s dosadašnjim početnicama za genotipizaciju G3. Za rješavanje tog problema vrednovane su objavljene i rabljene početnice za G3 sa sekvencijama za VP7 područja genotipizacije izolata rotavirusa podrijetlom od ljudi i životinja. Analiza poravnanja sekvencije pokazala je da rabljene početnice G3 pokazuju veću komplementarnost s izolatima rotavirusa genotipa G6, G8 i G10. Postojeće početnice G3 bile su u devet nukleotida nepodudarne s rotavirusima G3 životinjskog podrijetla. Preinačene početnice za genotipizaciju G3 pokazale su se uspješnima za umnožavanje sva tri izolata G3 podrijetlom od životinja bez pogrješnog umnožavanja bilo kojeg genotipa skupine A rotavirusa odnosno G6 i G10. Preporučuje se upotreba predloženih početnica u molekularnim istraživanjima za dokaz uistinu dominantnih genotipova rotavirusa u životinja

DNA barcoding and surveillance sampling strategies for Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern India

Background: Culicoides spp. biting midges transmit bluetongue virus (BTV), the aetiological agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of ruminants. In southern India, hyperendemic outbreaks of BT exert high cost to subsistence farmers in the region, impacting on sheep production. Effective Culicoides spp. monitoring methods coupled with accurate species identification can accelerate responses for minimising BT outbreaks. Here, we assessed the utility of sampling methods and DNA barcoding for detection and identification of Culicoides spp. in southern India, in order to provide an informed basis for future monitoring of their populations in the region. Methods: Culicoides spp. collected from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were used to construct a framework for future morphological identification in surveillance, based on sequence comparison of the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and achieving quality standards defined by the Barcode of Life initiative. Pairwise catches of Culicoides spp. were compared in diversity and abundance between green (570 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (390 nm) light emitting diode (LED) suction traps at a single site in Chennai, Tamil Nadu over 20 nights of sampling in November 2013. Results: DNA barcode sequences of Culicoides spp. were mostly congruent both with existing DNA barcode data from other countries and with morphological identification of major vector species. However, sequence differences symptomatic of cryptic species diversity were present in some groups which require further investigation. While the diversity of species collected by the UV LED Center for Disease Control (CDC) trap did not significantly vary from that collected by the green LED CDC trap, the UV CDC significantly outperformed the green LED CDC trap with regard to the number of Culicoides individuals collected. Conclusions: Morphological identification of the majority of potential vector species of Culicoides spp. samples within southern India appears relatively robust; however, potential cryptic species diversity was present in some groups requiring further investigation. The UV LED CDC trap is recommended for surveillance of Culicoides in southern India

Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines, Drugs and Therapeutic Approaches to Counter Human Papilloma Virus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection with skin-to-skin based transmission mode. HPV annually caused over 500,000 cancer cases including cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer among others. HPV vaccination has become a public-health concern, worldwide, to prevent the cases of HPV infections including precancerous lesions, cervical cancers, and genital warts especially in adolescent female and male population by launching national programs with international alliances. Currently, available prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are expensive to be used in developing countries for vaccination programs. The recent progress in immunotherapy, biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology along with alternative and complementary medicinal systems have paved novel ways and valuable opportunities to design and develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, drugs and treatment approach to counter HPV effectively. Exploration and more researches on such advances could result in the gradual reduction in the incidences of HPV cases across the world. The present review presents a current global scenario and futuristic prospects of the advanced prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against HPV along with recent patents coverage of the progress and advances in drugs, vaccines and therapeutic regimens to effectively combat HPV infections and its cancerous conditions