A Critical Approach to the Theoretical Corpus of the Commercial Associations

Texto dispoñible en galego e españolEste artigo é unha primeira aproximación ao marco teórico a partir do cal se construíron os esforzos de integración económica rexional e o seu obxectivo é estudar a súa utilidade para analizar os procesos de integración. A evolución dos enfoques teóricos aquí discutidos xustifican a existencia dunha perspectiva que permite formular a hipótese de que os procesos de integración económica entre economías asimétricas non necesariamente elevan o benestar dos participantes nin do mundo no seu conxuntoEste artículo es una primera aproximación al marco teórico a partir del cual se han construido los esfuerzos de integración económica regional y su objetivo es estudiar su utilidad para analizar los procesos de integración. La evolución de los enfoques teóricos aquí discutidos justifica la existencia de una perspectiva que permite formular la hipótesis de que los procesos de integración económica entre economías asimétricas no necesariamente elevan el bienestar de los participantes ni del mundo en su conjuntoThis article is a first approach to a theoretical frame from which different efforts of regional economic integration have been constructed, and its interest is to study its utility when analyzing integration processes. The evolution of the theoretical basis hereby discussed grants justification to the existence of a perspective that allows the formulation of an hypotheses that states that the economic integration processes among assymetric economies do not necessarily raise the welfare of the participants, particularly, and of the world, in a general viewS

KINEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF BANDAL AND DOLYO TAEKWONDO KICKS OF A HIGH LEVEL FEMALE ATHLETE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematics of two Taekwondo kicks performed by a high level female athlete. The kicks were compared according to three main factors: a) type of kick (Bandal or Dolyo), b) foot of kick (right or left foot); c) kick starting with the kicking foot in front of the support limb or behind (front or back foot).The DVideo kinematical analysis system was used to reconstruct the 3D coordinates of twelve landmarks. The study was able to identify the main differences between the two most frequently used Taekwondo kicks, showed that the initial condition should be considered when comparing kicks and revealed differences between kicks accomplished with right or left foot of this high level athlete

Classical limit of the Casimir entropy for scalar massless field

We study the Casimir effect at finite temperature for a massless scalar field in the parallel plates geometry in N spatial dimensions, under various combinations of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the plates. We show that in all these cases the entropy, in the limit where energy equipartitioning applies, is a geometrical factor whose sign determines the sign of the Casimir force.Comment: 14 page

Onsager's Inequality, the Landau-Feynman Ansatz and Superfluidity

We revisit an inequality due to Onsager, which states that the (quantum) liquid structure factor has an upper bound of the form (const.) x |k|, for not too large modulus of the wave vector k. This inequality implies the validity of the Landau criterion in the theory of superfluidity with a definite, nonzero critical velocity. We prove an auxiliary proposition for general Bose systems, together with which we arrive at a rigorous proof of the inequality for one of the very few soluble examples of an interacting Bose fluid, Girardeau's model. The latter proof demonstrates the importance of the thermodynamic limit of the structure factor, which must be taken initially at k different from 0. It also substantiates very well the heuristic density functional arguments, which are also shown to hold exactly in the limit of large wave-lengths. We also briefly discuss which features of the proof may be present in higher dimensions, as well as some open problems related to superfluidity of trapped gases.Comment: 28 pages, 2 figure, uses revtex

A thick shell Casimir effect

We consider the Casimir energy of a thick dielectric-diamagnetic shell under a uniform velocity light condition, as a function of the radii and the permeabilities. We show that there is a range of parameters in which the stress on the outer shell is inward, and a range where the stress on the outer shell is outward. We examine the possibility of obtaining an energetically stable configuration of a thick shell made of a material with a fixed volume

Synthesis of the binuclear [Fe(CNBu t)(CO)4(HgSO4 )] adduct

The binuclear [Fe(CNBu t)(CO)4(HgSO4 )] adduct was obtained in the reaction of HgSO4 with [Fe(CNBu t)(CO)4] in methanol. This adduct, without a similar in the homoleptic pentacarbonyliron, was characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data. Further Mössbauer and molar conductivity studies have confirmed it's adduct nature.29930

Rho-kinase inhibition attenuates airway responsiveness, inflammation, matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress activation induced by chronic inflammation

Possa SS, Charafeddine HT, Righetti RF, da Silva PA, Almeida-Reis R, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Perini A, Prado CM, Leick-Maldonado EA, Martins MA, Tiberio ID. Rho-kinase inhibition attenuates airway responsiveness, inflammation, matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress activation induced by chronic inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 303: L939-L952, 2012. First published September 21, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00034.2012.-Several studies have demonstrated the importance of Rho-kinase in the modulation of smooth muscle contraction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. However, the effects of repeated treatment with a specific inhibitor of this pathway have not been previously investigated. We evaluated the effects of repeated treatment with Y-27632, a highly selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, on airway hyperresponsiveness, oxidative stress activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, eosinophilic inflammation, and cytokine expression in an animal model of chronic airway inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to seven ovalbumin or saline exposures. the treatment with Y-27632 (1 mM) started at the fifth inhalation. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the animals' pulmonary mechanics were evaluated, and exhaled nitric oxide (E-NO) was collected. the lungs were removed, and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. Treatment with Y-27632 in sensitized animals reduced E-NO concentrations, maximal responses of resistance, elastance of the respiratory system, eosinophil counts, collagen and elastic fiber contents, the numbers of cells positive for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-beta, NF-kappa B, IFN-gamma, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha contents compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05). We observed positive correlations among the functional responses and inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress pathway activation markers evaluated. in conclusion, Rho-kinase pathway activation contributes to the potentiation of the hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, the extracellular matrix remodeling process, and oxidative stress activation. These results suggest that Rho-kinase inhibitors represent potential pharmacological tools for the control of asthma.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ São Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Med, BR-01246903 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biol Sci, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biol Sci, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc