Mudanças periódicas dos ingredientes alimentares associadas às diferentes formas de ração no desempenho de frangos de corte

The effects of forms of ration (crumbles and mash), sexes and weekly changes of the percent composition of the rations were tested on broiler performance. Basal ration was formulated to contain ground corn, soybean oil meal, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, animal fat, salt and vitamin, mineral and additive premix. Changes of the composition were made to reduce soybean oil meal and limestone levels, removal of animal fat and incorporation of corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal and meat and bone meals. Rations were isocaloric and isoproteic. The results showed that the crumble form of the ration contributed to improve broiler performance. Body weight and body weight gain in several experimental periods were higher when sudden changes in feed composition occurred. Feed conversion was poorer as feed composition changed. There were significant (P < 0,05) double and triple interactions, however as analyses of variance did not show significant differences of the single variables within the periods, it was not possible to take conclusions on the effect of one variable with respect to others.Efeitos da forma de ração (triturada e farelada), sexos e mudanças semanais na composição centesimal das rações no peso corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar de frangos de corte no período de 1 até 49 dias de idade, foram testados através de delineamento fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com 3 repetições de 50 aves cada. A ração basal foi formulada para conter milho moído, farelo de soja, fosfato bicálcico, calcáreo, gordura animal, sal e suplemento de vitaminas, minerais e aditivos. As mudanças na composição foram feitas pela redução do nível de farelo de soja e calcáreo, retirada da gordura animal e introdução de protenose, farelo de algodão e farinha de carne e ossos. As rações foram formuladas para serem isocalóricas e isoprotéicas. Os resultados indicaram que a forma triturada da ração contribuiu para melhorar o desempenho de frangos de corte. O ganho de peso e o peso corporal em diversos períodos experimentais foram superiores quando as rações sofreram mudanças bruscas na composição aumentar, porém, a conversão alimentar piorou. Foram observadas interações duplas e triplas significativas (P < 0,05) , porém, como a análise de variância não indicou diferenças significativas dessas variáveis isoladas dentro dos períodos considerados, não foi possível concluir-se sobre o efeito de uma variável sobre as demais

Erythrocyte-Bound Apolipoprotein B in Relation to Atherosclerosis, Serum Lipids and ABO Blood Group

Introduction:Erythrocytes carry apolipoprotein B on their membrane, but the determining factors of erythrocyte-bound apolipoprotein B (ery-apoB) are unknown. We aimed to explore the determinants of ery-apoB to gain more insight into potential mechanisms.Methods:Subjects with and without CVD were included (N = 398). Ery-apoB was measured on fresh whole blood samples using flow cytometry. Subjects with ery-apoB levels ≤0.20 a.u. were considered deficient. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was determined as a measure of (subclinical) atherosclerosis.Results:Mean ery-apoB value was 23.2% lower in subjects with increased CIMT (0.80±0.09 mm, N = 140) compared to subjects with a normal CIMT (0.57±0.08 mm, N = 258) (P = 0.007, adjusted P<0.001). CIMT and ery-apoB were inversely correlated (Spearman's r: -0.116, P = 0.021). A total of 55 subjects (13.6%) were considered ery-apoB deficient, which was associated with a medical history of CVD (OR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.04-3.33; adjusted OR: 1.55; 95% CI 0.85-2.82). Discontinuation of statins in 54 subjects did not influence ery-apoB values despite a 58.4% increase in serum apolipoprotein B. Subjects with blood group O had significantly higher ery-apoB values (1.56±0.94 a.u.) when compared to subjects with blood group A (0.89±1.15 a.u), blood group B (0.73±0.1.12 a.u.) or blood group AB (0.69±0.69 a.u.) (P-ANOVA = 0.002).Conclusion:Absence or very low values of ery-apoB are associated with clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis. While serum apolipoprotein B is not associated with ery-apoB, the ABO blood group seems to be a significant determinant