344 research outputs found

    IMUNOHISTOKEMIJSKA IZRAŽENOST PROTEINA BORIS U TUMORIMA ZAMETNIH STANICA TESTISA

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    Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) has a role in intracellular signalization and is important in epigenetic mechanism control, such as methylation/demethylation of DNA and histones. BORIS may deregulate some tumor suppressor genes. Immunohistochemical expression of BORIS was found in different tumors, some of them showing correlation with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in pure seminomas and different components of testicular mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT). In this study, immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) was analyzed. Staining intensity and percentage of positive staining cells were used to evaluate the level of expression. Tumor samples from 44 patients were analyzed; 26 pure seminomas and 18 MGCT. In MGCTs, seminoma component was found in 4, yolk sac in 7, teratoma in 11 and embryonal carcinoma in 13 samples. Expression of BORIS was strong in 80.8% of seminoma cases and in 76.9% of embryonal carcinoma component, 71.4% of yolk sac, 63.6% of teratoma component and 25% of seminomatous component of MGCT. In MGCT, positive correlation was found between BORIS expression in teratomatous component and presence of yolk sac component (BORIS (engl. Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) sudjeluje u unutarstaničnoj signalizaciji i kontrolira epigenetske mehanizme kao Å”to su metilacija/demetilacija DNK i histona. Aktivacija BORIS-a dovodi do poremećaja određenih tumorskih supresora. Imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a utvrđena je u različitim tumorima. U nekim tumorima nađena je korelacija s loÅ”ijom prognozom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi imunohistokemijsku izraženost BORIS-a u čistim seminomima i različitim komponentama mijeÅ”anih tumora zametnih stanica testisa (engl. mixed germ cell tumors, MGCT). Materijal i metode: Analizirana je imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a u tumorima zametnih stanica testisa (engl. testicular germ cell tumors, TGCT), a intenzitet bojenja i postotak reaktivnih stanica koriÅ”ten je za evaluaciju razine ekspresije. Analizirani su uzorci tumora 44 bolesnika; 26 čistih seminoma i 18 MGCT. Kod MGCT-a komponenta seminoma nađena je u 4, yolk sac-a u 7, teratoma u 11 te embrionalnog karcinoma u 13 uzoraka tumora. Rezultati: Imunohistokemijska izraženost bila je jaka kod 80,8% čistih seminoma te kod 76,9% komponente embrionalnog karcinoma, 71,4% yolk sac-a, 63,6% teratoma i 25% seminomske komponente MGCT-a. Dobivena je pozitivna korelacija izraženosti BORIS-a teratomske komponente i prisutnosti komponente yolc sac

    IMUNOHISTOKEMIJSKA IZRAŽENOST PROTEINA BORIS U TUMORIMA ZAMETNIH STANICA TESTISA

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    Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) has a role in intracellular signalization and is important in epigenetic mechanism control, such as methylation/demethylation of DNA and histones. BORIS may deregulate some tumor suppressor genes. Immunohistochemical expression of BORIS was found in different tumors, some of them showing correlation with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in pure seminomas and different components of testicular mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT). In this study, immunohistochemical expression of BORIS in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) was analyzed. Staining intensity and percentage of positive staining cells were used to evaluate the level of expression. Tumor samples from 44 patients were analyzed; 26 pure seminomas and 18 MGCT. In MGCTs, seminoma component was found in 4, yolk sac in 7, teratoma in 11 and embryonal carcinoma in 13 samples. Expression of BORIS was strong in 80.8% of seminoma cases and in 76.9% of embryonal carcinoma component, 71.4% of yolk sac, 63.6% of teratoma component and 25% of seminomatous component of MGCT. In MGCT, positive correlation was found between BORIS expression in teratomatous component and presence of yolk sac component (BORIS (engl. Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites) sudjeluje u unutarstaničnoj signalizaciji i kontrolira epigenetske mehanizme kao Å”to su metilacija/demetilacija DNK i histona. Aktivacija BORIS-a dovodi do poremećaja određenih tumorskih supresora. Imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a utvrđena je u različitim tumorima. U nekim tumorima nađena je korelacija s loÅ”ijom prognozom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi imunohistokemijsku izraženost BORIS-a u čistim seminomima i različitim komponentama mijeÅ”anih tumora zametnih stanica testisa (engl. mixed germ cell tumors, MGCT). Materijal i metode: Analizirana je imunohistokemijska izraženost BORIS-a u tumorima zametnih stanica testisa (engl. testicular germ cell tumors, TGCT), a intenzitet bojenja i postotak reaktivnih stanica koriÅ”ten je za evaluaciju razine ekspresije. Analizirani su uzorci tumora 44 bolesnika; 26 čistih seminoma i 18 MGCT. Kod MGCT-a komponenta seminoma nađena je u 4, yolk sac-a u 7, teratoma u 11 te embrionalnog karcinoma u 13 uzoraka tumora. Rezultati: Imunohistokemijska izraženost bila je jaka kod 80,8% čistih seminoma te kod 76,9% komponente embrionalnog karcinoma, 71,4% yolk sac-a, 63,6% teratoma i 25% seminomske komponente MGCT-a. Dobivena je pozitivna korelacija izraženosti BORIS-a teratomske komponente i prisutnosti komponente yolc sac

    Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na determinističke igre

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    U ovom radu je obrađena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi determinističkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira učinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najčeŔće koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimističnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju determinističkih igara za dva igrača provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedničkih strategija za igrače, uz odgovarajuće vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih općenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā€“ the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give

    Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na determinističke igre

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    U ovom radu je obrađena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi determinističkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira učinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najčeŔće koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimističnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju determinističkih igara za dva igrača provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedničkih strategija za igrače, uz odgovarajuće vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih općenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā€“ the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give

    Age-related macular degeneration

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    Senilna makularna degeneracija je vodeći uzrok sljepoće starijeg stanovniÅ”tva u razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Prvenstveno rezultira gubitkom centralnoga vida. Degenerativne promjene vezane uz oba oblika bolesti (vlažnu i suhu formu) zbivaju se u centralnom dijelu mrežnice, makuli, a točna etiopatogeneza joÅ” uvijek nije poznata. Suhi ili atrofični oblik obilježen je abnormalnostima retinalnog pigmentnog epitela i prisutnoŔću druza. Kod vlažne ili eksudativne forme dolazi joÅ” i do stvaranja neovaskularnih membrana, eksudacije, krvarenja, i posljedičnih fibrovaskularnih ožiljkavanja. Iako je neovaskularna forma znatno rjeđa od suhe, taj oblik bolesti uzrokuje najveći postotak teÅ”kog oÅ”tećenja vida uzrokovanog makularnom degeneracijom. Dijagnostika uključuje kompletni oftalmoloÅ”ki pregled, fotografiju fundusa, fluoresceinsku angiografiju, optičku koherentnu tomografiju, i druge metode. Učinkovita terapija suhe forme ne postoji, a progresija bolesti nastoji se usporiti koriÅ”tenjem određenih dodataka prehrani. Neovaskularnu formu liječimo intravitrealnom primjenom anti-VEGF lijekova, fotodinamskom terapijom, i kombinacijom navedenih. Drugi modaliteti liječenja su istraživani, ali nisu polučili velik uspjeh.Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the industrialized countries. Macular degeneration results primarily in loss of central vision. Degenerative changes associated with both forms of the disease (the dry and the wet form) occur in the central part of the retina, the macula, but the exact etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The dry or atrophic form is characterized by retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities and drusen. In addition to these, the wet or exudative form includes neovascular membrane formation, exudation, and hemorrhage, leading to fibrovascular scarring. Although the total prevalence of the neovascular form is significantly lower, wet macular degeneration accounts for the majority of cases with severe visual loss due to AMD. Diagnosis is confirmed by complete ophthalmologic evaluation and different imaging techniques, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, etc. Although no approved therapy for dry AMD exists, some dietary supplements may help to delay disease progression. Effective therapies for exudative form include intravitreal injection of a VEGF inhibitor, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both, in patients who fail to respond to initial anti-VEGF therapies. Other researched forms of treatment had limited success and no consistent evidence of benefit

    Age-related macular degeneration

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    Senilna makularna degeneracija je vodeći uzrok sljepoće starijeg stanovniÅ”tva u razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Prvenstveno rezultira gubitkom centralnoga vida. Degenerativne promjene vezane uz oba oblika bolesti (vlažnu i suhu formu) zbivaju se u centralnom dijelu mrežnice, makuli, a točna etiopatogeneza joÅ” uvijek nije poznata. Suhi ili atrofični oblik obilježen je abnormalnostima retinalnog pigmentnog epitela i prisutnoŔću druza. Kod vlažne ili eksudativne forme dolazi joÅ” i do stvaranja neovaskularnih membrana, eksudacije, krvarenja, i posljedičnih fibrovaskularnih ožiljkavanja. Iako je neovaskularna forma znatno rjeđa od suhe, taj oblik bolesti uzrokuje najveći postotak teÅ”kog oÅ”tećenja vida uzrokovanog makularnom degeneracijom. Dijagnostika uključuje kompletni oftalmoloÅ”ki pregled, fotografiju fundusa, fluoresceinsku angiografiju, optičku koherentnu tomografiju, i druge metode. Učinkovita terapija suhe forme ne postoji, a progresija bolesti nastoji se usporiti koriÅ”tenjem određenih dodataka prehrani. Neovaskularnu formu liječimo intravitrealnom primjenom anti-VEGF lijekova, fotodinamskom terapijom, i kombinacijom navedenih. Drugi modaliteti liječenja su istraživani, ali nisu polučili velik uspjeh.Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the industrialized countries. Macular degeneration results primarily in loss of central vision. Degenerative changes associated with both forms of the disease (the dry and the wet form) occur in the central part of the retina, the macula, but the exact etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The dry or atrophic form is characterized by retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities and drusen. In addition to these, the wet or exudative form includes neovascular membrane formation, exudation, and hemorrhage, leading to fibrovascular scarring. Although the total prevalence of the neovascular form is significantly lower, wet macular degeneration accounts for the majority of cases with severe visual loss due to AMD. Diagnosis is confirmed by complete ophthalmologic evaluation and different imaging techniques, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, etc. Although no approved therapy for dry AMD exists, some dietary supplements may help to delay disease progression. Effective therapies for exudative form include intravitreal injection of a VEGF inhibitor, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both, in patients who fail to respond to initial anti-VEGF therapies. Other researched forms of treatment had limited success and no consistent evidence of benefit

    Primjene vjerojatnosne metode na determinističke igre

    Get PDF
    U ovom radu je obrađena takozvana vjerojatnosna metoda, s naglaskom na njezine primjene u analizi determinističkih igara. Obzirom da je sama metoda nekonstruktivna, izložen je i proces derandomizacije, koji producira učinkovite algoritme. U radu su opisane dvije najčeŔće koriÅ”tene metode u procesu derandomizacije - metoda uvjetnih vjerojatnosti i metoda pesimističnih procjenitelja. Potom su na primjerima triju determinističkih igara za dva igrača provedeni postupci randomizacije, derandomizacije i antirandomizacije, s ciljem pronalaska savrÅ”enih pobjedničkih strategija za igrače, uz odgovarajuće vrijednosti danih parametara. Na kraju rada izloženi su konkretni primjeri strategija za igru lažova u svrhu približavanja i ilustracije prethodno dobivenih općenitih rezultata.This thesis deals with the so-called probabilistic method, with emphasis on applications to the analysis of deterministic games. Since the method itself is nonconstructive, the process of derandomization which produces efficient algorithms is also presented. This thesis describes the two most commonly used methods in the process of derandomization ā€“ the method of conditional probabilities and the method of pessimistic estimators. Furthermore, the procedures of randomization, derandomization, and antirandomization were carried out on the examples of three deterministic games for two players, aimed at finding the perfect winning strategies for the players, depending on the corresponding values of the given parameters. At the end of the thesis concrete examples of strategies for the Liar game are give

    Stress constraints applied to the optimization of a thin-walled Z-beam

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    Razmatran je jedan pristup optimizaciji tankozidih otvorenih poprečnih preseka oblika Z - profila, izloženih savijanju i ograničenoj torziji. Za data opterećenja, materijal i geometrijske karakteristike, problem se svodi na određivanje minimalne mase, odnosno minimalne povrÅ”ine poprečnog preseka konstruktivnih tankozidih poprečnih preseka izabranog oblika. PovrÅ”ina poprečnog preseka je izabrana za funkciju cilja. Uvedena su naponska ograničenja. Primenjuje se Metoda Lagranžovog množitelja. Rezultati analitički dobijenih jednačina za matematički model, numerička reÅ”enja, kao i uÅ”teda u masi, izračunati su za tri slučaja opterećenja. Neki rezultati su provereni primenom programa COSMOS.One approach to the optimization of a thin-walled open section Z-beam subjected to the bending and to the constrained torsion is considered. For given loads, material and geometrical characteristics, the problem is reduced to the determination of minimum mass i.e. minimum crosssectional area of structural thin-walled beam of the chosen shape. The area of the cross-section is assumed to be the objective function. The stress constraints are introduced. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied. Solutions of analitically obtained expressions for the mathematical model, numerical solutions, as well as the saved mass, are calculated for three loading cases

    Biodiverzitet i osnovni aspekti njegovog održanja

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    Biodiversity, or diversity of plant resources in agriculture, is a biological basis of global food providing, directly or indirectly. Biodiversity implies diversity of genetic material contained in traditional and contemporary newly created genotypes. Mentioned resources could be the basis for the creation of new cultivars through conventional crossbreeding process or application of biotechnology. Plant resources include both wild relatives and other wild plant species that could be used as an energy source, for pharmaceutical purposes and as a source of beneficial genes. Genetic material is a reservoir of genetic adaptability that can prove to be a buffer against potentially harmful external or economic changes, regardless of the purpose and technology used. Erosion of plant resources could have serious and long-term effect on food supply.Biodiverzitet, ili raznolikost u biljnim resursima u poljoprivredi, je bioloÅ”ka osnova obezbeđenja sveta hranom, direktno ili indirektno. Biodiverzitet podrazumeva diverzitet genetičkog materijala sadržanog u tradi-cionalnim i u novostvorenim savremenim genotipovima. Pomenuti resursi mogu biti osnova za stvaranje novih sorti kroz proces konvencionalnog ukrÅ”tanja ili primenom biotehnologije. Biljni resursi podrazumevaju i divlje srodnike i druge divlje biljne vrste koje mogu da se koriste kao izvor energije, u farmaceutske svrhe, kao izvor poželjnih gena. Bez obzira za koju svrhu i koja tehnologija se koristi genetički materijal je rezervoar genetičke adaptabilnosti koji može da se pokaže kao pufer protiv potencijalno Å”tetnih spoljaÅ”njih ili ekonomskih promena. Erozija biljnih resursa može da ima ozbiljan i dugoročan uticaj na snabdevanje hranom

    Stress constraints applied to the optimization of a thin-walled Z-beam

    Get PDF
    Razmatran je jedan pristup optimizaciji tankozidih otvorenih poprečnih preseka oblika Z - profila, izloženih savijanju i ograničenoj torziji. Za data opterećenja, materijal i geometrijske karakteristike, problem se svodi na određivanje minimalne mase, odnosno minimalne povrÅ”ine poprečnog preseka konstruktivnih tankozidih poprečnih preseka izabranog oblika. PovrÅ”ina poprečnog preseka je izabrana za funkciju cilja. Uvedena su naponska ograničenja. Primenjuje se Metoda Lagranžovog množitelja. Rezultati analitički dobijenih jednačina za matematički model, numerička reÅ”enja, kao i uÅ”teda u masi, izračunati su za tri slučaja opterećenja. Neki rezultati su provereni primenom programa COSMOS.One approach to the optimization of a thin-walled open section Z-beam subjected to the bending and to the constrained torsion is considered. For given loads, material and geometrical characteristics, the problem is reduced to the determination of minimum mass i.e. minimum crosssectional area of structural thin-walled beam of the chosen shape. The area of the cross-section is assumed to be the objective function. The stress constraints are introduced. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied. Solutions of analitically obtained expressions for the mathematical model, numerical solutions, as well as the saved mass, are calculated for three loading cases
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