Carbon Capture & Storage in the Cement Industry: A viable option for Sweden?

The Swedish government has set the goal of achieving carbon-neutrality by 2045. The production of cement currently accounts for 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide, with a similar figure also true of Sweden. A clear government strategy is therefore needed to work with and provide support to the cement industry for decarbonisation. The most developed pathway for cement decarbonisation in the literature is through the application of CCS. However, the implementation of CCS has been problematic in projects globally. The largest barrier to CCS implementation is the cost. In Sweden, emitting carbon dioxide remains much cheaper under the EU ETS compared to the cost implementing carbon-abatement measures. This thesis aims to explore the pertinent factors surrounding the political economy of CCS implementation, the economic feasibility of CCS implementation in the cement industry and discuss some of the important issues in the CCS debate that are relevant for Sweden. The political economy is valuable here because the interaction between the state and industry can help overcome the economic barriers to CCS implementation. This exploratory study serves as an important case study of the complexity of implementing CCS in an industrial context. CCS, for most, is the only way to decarbonise the cement industry. Further research is needed into how best this transition could be catalysed through regulation and/or fiscal stimulus from the government. The cement value chain is unique in its structure and could lend itself to a lower cost of implementation for CCS than other sectors. Furthermore, when combined with bioenergy, CCS holds the potential for producing negative emissions. This is currently the only well-developed technology to achieve negative emissions. Further research is needed in order to establish the exact potential of CCS with bioenergy to harness negative emissions, a necessity in order to achieve complete carbon neutrality. The government must capitalise on easy leverage points for CCS implementation, such as for the cement industry described in this research, as a first step to realising the potential of CCS

An Innovative Approach to Decreasing Concussions in Adolescent Female Soccer Athletes: 2370 Board #117 May 29, 9

Concussion is a public health issue, fundamental to health promotion and injury prevention. Concussions are prevalent in adolescent athletic competition, in high-collision and non-collision sports. A history of previous concussion increases risk by a factor of three, female gender increases it 1.5 to 2.5 times, and female middle-school soccer players have 22.9 times increased risk during games. Non-collision concussions (indirect) may be primed by altered movement patterns from previous injuries, disruption of cervical proprioception, or musculoskeletal pain. Assessment of dynamic balance and functional movement allows identification of poor movement patterns or control. PURPOSE: To assess a preventative movement-based warm-up routine designed to re-set aberrant afferent information from various systems (vestibular, somatic, ocular) for a cohort of high school female soccer players with prior concussions. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of convenience consisting of 17 Virginian high school female soccer athletes ages 15 to 18 during 2013-2014 season. Three players had suffered a concussion within the last 6 to 8 months. Athletes were assessed pre-season using the Lower Quarter Y-balance test (LQ-YBT) and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Cohort was instructed in a general warm-up placing emphasis on normalizing movement patterns (identified via the YBT and FMS), vestibular ocular reflex, and ACL-prevention exercises, which was performed during the entire season before practices and games. RESULTS: Sixteen varsity high school female soccer athletes, ages 14 to 18 years, participated. The average FMS composite score was 15±2, with 2 athletes being below the injury risk score of 14, and another 3 scoring right at the cutoff. The difference from side to side for the composite LQ-YBT ranged from 5 - 8cm. A total of 10 athletes had differences, with 6 of the athletes had an anterior difference of ≥4cm, and 6 had a posterior difference of ≥6cm. These levels are predictive of a deficit in dynamic balance. There were no new, or repeat concussions during the soccer season. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of no new or repeat concussions, suggests that the intervention may have helped and may indicate a new injury prevention paradigm

Foam-in-Vein: Rheological Characterisation of Liquid Sclerosing Foams Using a Pipe Viscometer

Sclerotherapy is one of the most common and least-invasive treatment methods for varicose veins. While bench-top properties of sclerosing foams (e.g., bubble size distribution and foam half-life) have been studied previously, their flow behaviour and its relationship to therapeutic efficacy remain largely uncharacterised. To address this research gap, the present study reports on a novel approach for the rheological characterisation of sclerosing foams aimed at obtaining clinically-applicable data. A pipe viscometry apparatus was employed under conditions that mimic the end-point therapeutic application of foams. Polidocanol (1% v/v) foams of various liquid-to-gas volume ratios (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) were formulated manually using the Tessari and DSS (double syringe system) methods across a clinically-relevant range of shear rates (≈ 7 s^{-1} – 400 s^{-1}), in polytetrafluoroethylene pipes of different diameters (2.48 mm and 4.48 mm). Additionally, end-effect and wall-slip correction methods were utilised to model the nominal rheology of sclerosing foams. The rheological data were fitted into a power-law model to obtain fluid flow index (n) and fluid consistency index (K) of sclerosing foams, followed by an in-depth statistical analysis of the power-law indices. The observed rheological behaviour of sclerosing foams is shown to be dependent on vessel diameter and liquid-to-gas ratio, while the type of manual formulation technique used appears to be statistically insignificant towards foam rheology. Sclerosing foams behaved as shear-thinning fluids with observed flow indices ranging 0.238 < n < 0.445, while the observed consistency indices ranged 2.977 < K < 12.49. The nominal (end-effect corrected) rheology of foams was shown to follow similar trends concerning liquid-to-gas ratio and formulation technique, independent of the tube diameter. The power-law characterisation of sclerosing foam rheology provided evidence of a quasi-static drainage effect that affected foam viscosity during slower injections. Wall-slip correction failed to provide physically meaningful results and statistical analysis suggested that the type of manual formulation technique used has no impact on the outcome of sclerotherapy on larger varicosities. Overall, results suggest a direct correlation between foam dryness and viscosity. Based on the developed rheological model, this work also demonstrates that low injection flowrates could yield higher therapeutic efficacy in dilated varicose veins

Radio-Continuum study of the Nearby Sculptor Group Galaxies. Part 1: NGC 300 at lambda = 20 cm

A series of new radio-continuum (lambda=20 cm) mosaic images focused on the NGC 300 galactic system were produced using archived observational data from the VLA and/or ATCA. These new images are both very sensitive (rms=60 microJy) and feature high angular resolution (<10"). The most prominent new feature is the galaxy's extended radio-continuum emission, which does not match its optical appearance. Using these newly created images a number of previously unidentified discrete sources have been discovered. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a joint deconvolution approach to imaging this complete data-set is inferior when compared to an immerge approach.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted to APSS, new version to correct the missing reference

Meeting report: a hard look at the state of enamel research.

The Encouraging Novel Amelogenesis Models and Ex vivo cell Lines (ENAMEL) Development workshop was held on 23 June 2017 at the Bethesda headquarters of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Discussion topics included model organisms, stem cells/cell lines, and tissues/3D cell culture/organoids. Scientists from a number of disciplines, representing institutions from across the United States, gathered to discuss advances in our understanding of enamel, as well as future directions for the field

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the in vivo haemodynamic effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has complex effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to systematically review studies of THC and haemodynamic alterations. PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies. Changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and blood flow (BF) were analysed using the Cochrane Review Manager Software. Thirty-one studies met the eligibility criteria. Fourteen publications assessed BP (number, n = 541), 22 HR (n = 567), and 3 BF (n = 45). Acute THC dosing reduced BP and HR in anaesthetised animals (BP, mean difference (MD) −19.7 mmHg, p < 0.00001; HR, MD −53.49 bpm, p < 0.00001), conscious animals (BP, MD −12.3 mmHg, p = 0.0007; HR, MD −30.05 bpm, p < 0.00001), and animal models of stress or hypertension (BP, MD −61.37 mmHg, p = 0.03) and increased cerebral BF in murine stroke models (MD 32.35%, p < 0.00001). Chronic dosing increased BF in large arteries in anaesthetised animals (MD 21.95 mL/min, p = 0.05) and reduced BP in models of stress or hypertension (MD −22.09 mmHg, p < 0.00001). In humans, acute administration increased HR (MD 8.16 bpm, p < 0.00001). THC acts differently according to species and experimental conditions, causing bradycardia, hypotension and increased BF in animals; and causing increased HR in humans. Data is limited, and further studies assessing THC-induced haemodynamic changes in humans should be considered

Opposite changes in the expression of clathrin and caveolin-1 in normal and cancerous human prostate tissue: putative clathrin-mediated recycling of EGFR

Endocytosis, an important macromolecule uptake process in cells, is known to be dysregulated in cancer. Clathrin and caveolin-1 proteins play a major role in receptor-mediated endocytosis. We have used a quantitative, unbiased and semi-automated method to measure in situ protein expression of clathrin and caveolin-1 in cancerous and paired normal (cancer adjacent, non-cancerous) human prostate tissue. There was a significant (p &lt; 0.0001) increase in the expression of clathrin in prostate cancer samples (N = 29, n = 91) compared to normal tissue (N = 29, n = 67) (N = number of patients, n = number of cores in tissue arrays). Conversely, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.0001) decrease in expression of caveolin-1 in prostate cancer tissue compared to normal prostate tissue. The opposite change in expression of the two proteins was highly correlated to increasing cancer aggressiveness. There was also a concurrent increase in the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a key receptor in carcinogenesis, with clathrin in prostate cancer tissue, indicating recycling of EGFR through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). These results indicate that in prostate cancer, caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis (CavME) may be acting as a brake and increase in CME may facilitate tumorigenicity and aggressiveness of prostate cancer through recycling of EGFR. Changes in the expression of these proteins can also potentially be used as a biomarker for prostate cancer to aid in diagnosis and prognosis and clinical decision-making

Direct Imaging in Reflected Light: Characterization of Older, Temperate Exoplanets With 30-m Telescopes

Direct detection, also known as direct imaging, is a method for discovering and characterizing the atmospheres of planets at intermediate and wide separations. It is the only means of obtaining spectra of non-transiting exoplanets. Characterizing the atmospheres of planets in the <5 AU regime, where RV surveys have revealed an abundance of other worlds, requires a 30-m-class aperture in combination with an advanced adaptive optics system, coronagraph, and suite of spectrometers and imagers - this concept underlies planned instruments for both TMT (the Planetary Systems Imager, or PSI) and the GMT (GMagAO-X). These instruments could provide astrometry, photometry, and spectroscopy of an unprecedented sample of rocky planets, ice giants, and gas giants. For the first time habitable zone exoplanets will become accessible to direct imaging, and these instruments have the potential to detect and characterize the innermost regions of nearby M-dwarf planetary systems in reflected light. High-resolution spectroscopy will not only illuminate the physics and chemistry of exo-atmospheres, but may also probe rocky, temperate worlds for signs of life in the form of atmospheric biomarkers (combinations of water, oxygen and other molecular species). By completing the census of non-transiting worlds at a range of separations from their host stars, these instruments will provide the final pieces to the puzzle of planetary demographics. This whitepaper explores the science goals of direct imaging on 30-m telescopes and the technology development needed to achieve them.Comment: (March 2018) Submitted to the Exoplanet Science Strategy committee of the NA

Paleozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary bedrock geology and lithostratigraphy of Singapore

A new lithostratigraphical framework for Singapore is proposed, based on the analysis of c. 20,000 m of core recovered from 121 c. 205 m deep boreholes and augmented with 218 field localities from across Singapore. The new framework describes a succession dating from the Carboniferous to the Quaternary. New U-Pb detrital zircon dates and fossil analysis were used to constrain the ages of key sedimentary units. The oldest known sedimentary rocks in Singapore are found to be the deformed Carboniferous (Mississippian) Sajahat Formation. These are succeeded by the newly erected, Middle and Upper Triassic, marine to continental Jurong Group and Sentosa Group successions that accumulated in the southern part of the Semantan Basin. The Jurong Group comprises four formations: the Tuas Formation, the Pulau Ayer Chawan Formation, the Pandan Formation and the Boon Lay Formation. The Sentosa Group contains two formations: the Tanjong Rimau Formation and the Fort Siloso Formation. In Singapore, the depositional record during this time is related to late Permian to Triassic arc magmatism in the southern part of the forearc basin to the Sukhothai Arc. The Jurong and Sentosa groups were deformed and weakly metamorphosed during the final stages of the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic orogenic event, deformation that led to the formation of the syn-orogenic conglomerates of the Buona Vista Formation. Following this, two distinct Lower Cretaceous sedimentary successions overstepped the Jurong and Sentosa group strata, including the Kusu Formation and the Bukit Batok Formation, both deposited in the southern part of the Tembeling Basin. A series of Neogene to Quaternary formations overly the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic stratigraphy, including the Fort Canning Formation, Bedok Formation and the Kallang Group

Prognostic interaction between expression of p53 and estrogen receptor in patients with node-negative breast cancer: results from IBCSG Trials VIII and IX

Introduction: The prognostic significance of p53 protein expression in early breast cancer remains uncertain, with some but not all studies finding an association with poorer outcomes. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression is both a positive prognostic marker and predictive of response to endocrine therapies. The relationship between these biomarkers is unknown. Methods: We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) from available pathological material from 1113 patients participating in two randomized clinical trials comparing endocrine therapy alone versus chemo-endocrine therapy in node-negative breast cancer. Expression of p53 defined as >10% positive nuclei was analyzed together with prior immunohistochemical assays of ER performed at central pathological review of whole tumor sections. Results: ER was present (i.e. >1% positive tumor cell nuclei) in 80.1% (880/1092). p53 expression was significantly more frequent when ER was absent, 125/212 (59%) than when ER was present, 171/880 (19%), p <0.0001. A significant qualitative interaction was observed such that p53 expression was associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients whose tumors did not express ER, but worse DFS and OS among patients whose tumors expressed ER. The interaction remained significant after allowance for pathologic variables, and treatment. Similar effects were seen when luminal and non-luminal intrinsic subtypes were compared. Conclusions: Interpretation of the prognostic significance of p53 expression requires knowledge of concurrent expression of ER. The reason for the interaction between p53 and ER is unknown but may reflect qualitatively different p53 mutations underlying the p53 expression in tumors with or without ER expression. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ACTRN12607000037404 (Trial VIII) and ACTRN12607000029493 (Trial IX)